Prophecy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Prophecy - Essay ExampleThe divination of denunciation is when the events in the future are foretold based on the surrounding causes which can be prevented only by worshipful intervention or a miracle. Prophets speak definitely when they tell such prophecies of denunciation (newadvent.org).The prophecy of predestination deals more with the individual, and man, in general. This kind of prophecy occurs when perfection shows the future that are relatively the consequences of mans actions and decisions, including the occurrences of war and the unending debates between the religious and the government (newadvent.org).The prophecy of predestination is a kind of prophecy where it is only God who can make such events happen, and He is the only one who knows when it will happen. This implies Gods infallibility and divine power over all living things on earth (newadvent.org).History. The Catholic church has accepted the Book of Revelation as the last form of prophecy, despite the numerou s blessed individuals that she has recognized to have the gift of prophecy. From the Greek word, apokalypto, meaning to reveal, the Book of Revelation has been also known as the apocalypse (newadvent.org).The apocalypse was written by the apostle John, who traditionally, was recognized as the Seer. Arguments have been raised against the Apocalypse during the early ages, as Romans have contested its context, and it was only before the beginning of the third century, historians of the Catholic Church recognized the Apocalypse to be a gospel of John, the apostle (newadvent.org).Major Divisions of the Apocalypse. The Book of revelations is structured into three divisions, namely the exhortatory letters, the 7 seals and the drama of the lamb. The first part of the book focuses on the seven churches of Ephesus, Smyrna, Pergamum, Thyatira, Sardis, Philadelphia and Laodicea. The letters are epistles written for

Cold War and the Los Angeles area Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

bleak War and the Los Angeles area - Essay mannikinInternational sports sometimes need political support and this factor is exploited too, which was seen in the Cold war. electric chair Carter concluded that such ban on sports would not create any benefit but on the part of athletes, their career would be affected. This movement was well attuned to international politics, and the governments had access to the power. Joining of Russia in the majestic movement politicized the games. Particularly, it is stated that to wage propaganda the U.S. government controlling the Olympic Games carried on this campaign against communism during Cold War. (Hill)The Los Angeles games of 1984 will be remembered greatly, as it showed the execution of super political power and it showed a significant force on the domestic Olympics of the season. The games displayed the shift of powers from the IOC. Due to the Cold War, the strain between the countries allied with the super powers increased. both the countries (West Germany and East Germany) were asked to participate as one team but the offer was declined by East Germany. (Rider) much(prenominal) disagreement of countries allied with super powers continued for a long time and the athletes suffered. These games were sharply politicized on the some other hand they were commercial as the taxpayers used it and refused to pay funds and exploited the games by all means. (Hill)The metropolis holds an especial place in the heart of all Americans. It is called the hub of entertainment, leisure, culture films and many more. It contributes to the US economy by drawing in income from the sale of cultural products across the globe. For 40 year Los Angeles had advanced strategic-projects including Bomber projects, shoes projects, missiles and advance electronic communication. But in the late in 1980s Los Angeles faced sudden plagiarise in the flow of income. Due to the cold

Ectopic pregnancy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ectopic motherhood - Essay ExampleEctopic pregnancy is an outstanding gynecological disorder which has many primal causes and it is a condition that can be diagnosed by distinct techniques. This pathology can be treated and therefore early diagnosis is important to prevent the fatalities that result due(p) to this condition. Etiology Ectopic pregnancy is led to by many causes. Invasion of the pelvis by morbific microorganisms which include Chlamydia results in infection of the pelvis and this Pelvic Inflammatory Disease is classified as an underlying cause of ectopic pregnancy in approximately 40 percent of the cases. A pregnant adult female who has a history of ectopic pregnancies has a higher risk of cave ining the same disorder again. Appendicitis, leiomyomas as well as endometriosis whitethorn result in the sticking together of the fallopian tubes. This also increases the ability of ectopic pregnancy. Intrauterine devices that are used for contraception also result in a embossed chance of developing ectopic pregnancies. An important characteristic that has been identified is that ectopic pregnancy whitethorn develop in a female who does not present with any prior history of risk factors and has regular tubal structures (Robbins et al 2005 Monga et al 2005). It has also been seen that women who resort to in vitro fertilization techniques for conceiving also have an increase risk of developing ectopic pregnancies. The improper development of the fallopian tubes by birth is also associated with ectopic pregnancy as it obstructs the movement of the fertilized ovum towards the uterine lining (Sher et al 2005). Site of Ectopic Pregnancy The regular site for the attachment of the embryo is the endometrium of the uterus. An ectopic pregnancy ensues due to deviation of the embryo from its radiation pattern locate of attachment and the attachment go ons in abnormal locations. These locations include the fallopian tubes where 95 percent of the ectopic p regnancies occur. Seventy tetrad percent of the tubal pregnancies are found in the ampulla. Three percent of the ectopic pregnancies whitethorn occur in the ovary whereas genius percent may be present in the cavity of the peritoneum. The remaining one percent may be seen in the cervix or on the scar tissue that may have formed following a caesarean section (Monga et al 2011 Smeltzer et al 2009). Signs and Symptoms The unhurried may present with alteration in the normal menstrual cycle and complain of the postponement of the period from the normal date by approximately 2 weeks. She may complain of the passage of a small follow of blood after the time period of these two weeks. These symptoms explain of the presence of ectopic pregnancy. The patient may experience pain in the abdomen relative to the sight of implantation. The pain may be voiced initially but may progress to become severe with time. This may be accompanied by abnormal bleeding which varies from the normal menstrua l cycle. The patient may be lethargic and complain of fainting episodes. The patient may also complain of blood discharge from the vagina which would be dark red in discolour suggestive of the fact that the blood is not fresh. The patient may present with pain in the iliac fossa. In patients who may have presence of

Children and Families in UK Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Children and Families in UK Policy - Essay ExampleSecondly, it is a benefit payable to pull iners via the tax system which leads to join ond net income for the concerned.Before 1997, all governments did not multitude with family policy explicitly. However, the rest of the Europe highly embraced this. Under New Labour, there has been a tremendous miscellany with regard to family policy. They encounter adopted the ideas of social investment in children. They have also realized that the big(p) changes in family forms and the nature of contributions made by women and men in the families can not be unattended any more (Lewis, 2007).However, family is not an easy territory for these policymakers. Consensus on what a family should look like at once remains elusive as politicians find themselves treading on dangerous grounds. They avoid making any nous regarding sexual morality or intimate relationship forms. Before 1997, the instinct was to look back to the conventional two-parent and married family. This is where the men were to be bread winners while women took care of the home and children.The earliest policy document was titled Supporting Families. The aim of this approach was to address the changes. They have stopped condemning single mothers as a moral and social problem and a threat. Instead, the major focus has shifted back to that of the 1970s. Labour determined to increase employment rates for these single mothers since they could not provide enough money considering there was only(prenominal) one person providing both care and wages.Labour has been a bit too radical in its mission to address the issues caused by the changing nature of women and mens contribution to families, which is the increase in the increase in womens participation in the labour market. Initially, the UK did not so much concern itself in issues regarding work and family balance, specifically those regarding various types of leave for fathers and mothers and childcare. This has since changed and is now at par with the rest of Europe. Many families now have two incomes since many women also work, although part time in many cases.To respond to this trend, Labour has invested heavily in subsidies for childcare. They have also increased from fourteen weeks to nine months. This is expected to further increase to twelve months by 2010. They have also introduced the right to request flexible working patterns for young childrens parents and caretakers of adult dependants. In addition, they have doubled maternity pay.During the initiation of these changes, Labour had a difficult task guarding against becoming a nanny state and responding to claims that it was undermining family privacy. The critics particularly did not like Labour to instigate parenthood programmes. Labour has shifted from the incorrect position of the 1980s and early 1990s that parents are the most knowledgeable. It continues to insist on the importance of enate choice in respect to family practices. In particular, the way parents choose to combine care work and employment. However, these family members interests a great deal conflict. For instance, by men choosing not to do care work, it affects the womens choice to work. This issue of choice more often than not only masks inequality and power in family issues whenever it is applied in family policy. It has been argued that not enough has been through to encourage men to do care work. Giving fathers a daddy leave would really servicing achieve this (NAO,

Marketing Managemnt Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing Managemnt - Assignment ExampleThe focus in this paper is on merchandising management that has gained increasing brilliance in recent years owing to the notion of globalization and internationalization which has given way to the boundary-less movement of goods and services. Marketing for products that are sold across various cultures, languages, tastes, demographics and external conditions is no longer a simplistic job- it requires adequate and periodic management so that the product achieves a strategical fit with the diverse external environment. No longer can marketers focus their efforts on just the cardinal Ps (product, price, promotion, place)- they have come to realize the blooming significance of 4Cs Consumer (as opposed to Product), woo (as opposed to Price), Convenience ( as opposed to Place) and Communications ( as opposed to Promotion). Thus, the above indicates the growing importance of merchandising management which enables managers and executives to deal w ith strategic marketing challenges that the organizations face every day. An important task for marketing managers is the creation of value for consumers. The challenge is thus, how to offer that value? The idea of customer relationship management (which is a part of marketing management) stems from the notion of value creation. At the heart of successful marketing efforts is the ability of the smart set to provide a product that satisfies the demand of customers. Towards this end it is important to define what a need is- a need is defined as a felt deprivation for something. So, for instance, to feel thirsty is a need that has to be satisfied. A want refers to the means by which that need is satisfied. Thus, how the thirst is quenched (through water, drink, and juice) would become a want. Marketers must target customer needs and receive wants. On the contrary, however, it is observed today that marketers are creating needs rather than satisfying them. To this end, the importanc e of product comes into play. The product is the crux of marketing- Marketing is grounded in consumers and consumers demand products to satisfy their needs. The product is the starting point for most marketing efforts. It is interesting to note that a product consists of v layers although it may appear as a single, holistic object to us. The central part of the product is referred to as the content. It is this core that forms the basis for the other layers (including basic, expected, augmented and potential product). An example would be of a Nikon camera. Its core benefit would be to allow the user to take photographs and make videos with ease. The actual product will interpret of the brand name (Nikon), high resolution, carrying case etc. The augmented product would be warranty, demonstration and even off etc. Core benefits are often represented as order qualifiers or the bare token(prenominal) necessary for products to stay in the market (Homburg et al., 2005). This would sim ply mean the delivery for what is promised. A product or a brand is s promise, and when it is fulfilled in the quantity and quality desired by consumers the phenomenon is termed as core benefits or order qualifiers. For instance, the basic attribute of a bank is to offer accurate guardianship of consumer accounts. Bottled/mineral water provides consumer with a basic minimum level of ingredients or required calorie intake. generalisation studies from research have revealed that core benefits are a subset of the larger group customer benefits which encompasses not yet core benefits but also add-on benefits as discussed earlier. These customer benefits are viewed as the constructive set of customer relationship (Homburg et al., 2005). The core of a product is not tangible- it takes the form of a benefit or an advantage that a consumer may have from using it (Homburg et al., 2005). Thus, the core of a product is in abstract form and cannot be touched. Alternately, core defines the n eed that marketers

What Is Morality Why Should Society Be Moral At All Essay

What Is Morality Why Should Society Be Moral At All - Essay ExampleSociety is a large group of people who live together in an organized way, making decisions about how to do things and sharing the work that needs to be make. It is interesting to none that the lexical definitions of the words morality and society begin not with the definite oblige (the) but with the indefinite article (a). It goes on to imply the limitations of their specificity. In other words, any discussion on an issue like morality is inherently bound to be highly subjective in record and any effort to arrive at objective conclusions is utterly futile. But this could mean that there be at least some issues which allow total objectivity and that becomes a disputable statement if we ingest Nietzsches observation that there is no such thing as an objective point of view, which factor objectivity itself is a subjective matter. There is only a eyeshot seeing, only a perspective knowing and the more(prenominal ) emotions we express over a thing, the more eyes, different eyes, we train on the same thing, the more complete will be our idea of that thing, our objectivity. (Nietzsche, 153) ... Not only in the production processes but likewise in the themes of films do we notice an ever-increasing obsession with technology if we take a careful look at the recent part of Hollywoods journey from Spielbergs Raiders of the Lost Ark to Cameroons Avatar. Even at this point of time, if humankind cool off continues to ponder over issues like morality and if there are still some directors interested in throwing light on how sometimes good people do crime things (as the advertising tag of Sam Raimis 1998 film A dewy-eyed Plan reads) and if Michael Sandels treatment on justice has the potential to draw such huge crowds that it is rated among the most popular courses in Harvards history, it deserves careful consideration. It is a testimony to the fact that sciences takeover bid for the world does not mean a decline of our interest in morals and morality. The fundamental goal of a codification of morality is to exercise control on the aspirations and deeds of individuals and groups. It is expected to be a deterrent. More than a century ago, W. W. Jacobs wrote the story The Monkeys Paw (which opens with the caution Be careful what you wish for. It capacity come true.) in which he skillfully embeds a very useful message in a seemingly horror story as to how our anxiety for quick or undeserving gains could have smuggled consequences. It is this anxiety that prompts good people sometimes to do evil things. Thus, Sam Raimis A Simple Plan is more or less on the same lines as Jacobs story. Capitalism, war, crime and rot are all rooted in the desire to make a profit even if it is at the expense of someone elses loss and if there is a code that could make everyone realize that prosperity is

American history questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

American history questions - Essay ExampleIt established the notion of an international justice formation that can be resorted to in cases when criminal acts are perpetrate by a country against the citizens of some other country or when they are committed by a government against its own people.The relevance of the Trials was that they served as precedent to future cases. In the subsequent cases, for example, crimes against humanity like genocide and ethnic cleansing committed in Yugoslavia, Rwanda, and Indonesia, the principles of the Nuremberg Trials were employed to try the accused.At the exclude of the war, the threats to these freedoms were once again resuscitated by the actions of the USSR. rag Truman who succeeded Roosevelt to office saw the Russians foreign policy as emphatic on the communist ideology, suspicious, aggressive and close to and of the world around it. Soviet seemed so suspiciously obsessed with its security.Truman then decided that the best route to deal wi th the Russians and Stalin was a hard-line overture to contain communism and defend American interests. Thus, there was a discarding of the policy of compromise and the adoption of the policy of containment.In addition, Truman took a lesson from the past. His Iron Fist betterment was a reaction to the appeasement approach that was employed by the British towards Germany and Hitler before the outbreak of the WWII. Since the appeasement approach seemed to have goaded Hitler into being an airhead and declared war against the allies. Truman thought that from then on such an approach is not only futile but also dangerous and so he took a diverse tact.Another threat that communism brought to the US is the fear that that its spread in Europe would trammel US trade in that market. The revival of Europe after the war was especially important to the consumer-based US and therefore it must be safeguarded from communism.Q8Some historians argue that the

The Opportunities and Challenges of Transforming Government Entities Literature review

The Opportunities and Challenges of Transforming Government Entities into Smart Organizations - writings review ExampleThe factor of sustainability is an essential component in these transformations to chic organizations as more direction is on the environment, social, financial and political sustainability. However, while undertaking an initiative to transform government entities into smart organizations thither argon diverse challenges which are observed that restricts the path to attain specific goals or to sustain service. These challenges are linked with various fields and are often the primary cause behind the failure of smart government initiatives. In this particular study, not only will the opportunities be highlighted which is associated with such transformation alone it will even encompass the probable challenges that can be regarded as an area of concern for such government entities. Smart government initiative can be considered to be an agenda which is echoed by ever ybody in the present scenario due to various reasons. It is an initiative that is undertaken so as to apply information technology, communication and public presentation across a wide range of jurisdictions, processes, and domains, with only one purpose, that is to generate sustainable public comfort (Hevner & Chatterjee, 2010, pp. 27). The two factors which are common in any smart government initiative are tractability and effectiveness. The success of any such initiative is major because of its alignment with mission, the effectiveness of service and operational capability which provides required flexibility in any particular situation. This study will outline the various approaches associate to the smart government which is taking place in different countries along with Dubai. In the end, a abstract model will be incorporated to determine the failure and success factors related to smart government. but analysis conducted in this study will be based on the adopted conceptua l framework.

Understanding Of Market-Based Management Term Paper

Understanding Of Market-Based Management - Term Paper Exampleb). The Vantage train of Dispersed KnowledgeDispersed knowledge possessed by the isolated individuals is better than centrally plotted expert knowledge in coordinating human economic activities. It is argued that historical experience shows that market economies, which blaspheme on the dispersed knowledge and independent judgment of numerous consumers and producers, consistently provide a dramatically higher quality of life than centrally planned economies (Gabble and Ellig, 1993, p. 5). It is important to note that the logic of market surgical process is not only applicable to inter-businesses relations but also to the governing of specific business organizations. only when speaking, the idea of dispersed knowledge possessed by the customers at the vantage positions of the market is equally utilize to the within of the corporations too.III. Koch Industries and Market-Based ManagementAt Koch Industries, the application of market-based management saw a 2000 fold increase in the apply value after the policy was initiated in the early 1990s. For them, it is a philosophy that enables organizations to succeed long barrier by applying the principles that allow free societies to prosper (Koch, 2007, p. vii). Importantly, at Koch industries, vision, virtue and talents, knowledge processes, decision rights and incentives are the fin dimensions of market-based management (Koch, 2007, p. vii). All these five dimensions were applied in a holistic manner at the Koch Industries so that the effect was always transformative.

Compare and Contrast 2 articles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Compare and Contrast 2 articles - Essay ExampleThere is quite patently the interdependence gravitates man toward such force and this compels him to revitalize his being by recreating it through art. So deity tired of every last(predicate) the possibilities that remained confined within Him, unexpressed, dormant, and as if dead. And God opened His mouth, and he spoke at length a word that was harmonious and rhythmical (p. 49). Similarly, Du Bois reinforces the concept of a singular world without boundaries because all are created by one God. Yet out of this, he clarifies that there does exist a compartmentalization of races. There does not stand today upon Gods earth a race more capable in muscle, in intellect, in morals, than the American Negro (p, 13). This clearly indicates the significance of God in the lives of Black people, an influence that cannot be dismissed. (2) Senghor recognizes the influence of the Negro in civilization while Du Bois only assumes its part. By direct c ontent of the essay, Senghors Negritude A Humanism of the Twentieth Century discusses the gist of Negritude and its meaning. It is as he describes it, a modern humanism. The Negro had influenced artists such as Picasso and Braque when they discovered African art.

Why did the United States invade Iraq Term Paper

Why did the United States intrude on Iraq - Term Paper ExampleTherefore if a state functions within its own territories in a way that causes massive violations of these essential principles like manufacturing weapons of mass destructions or carrying out activities like genocide, then it is hence a potential threat to the ground community. The maxim in referee anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere is very relevant here. The world has become a small global village wherein we argon so interconnected that the act of one get out affect another directly or indirectly. Actions of apiece and every state are now a matter of concern and should be closely scrutinized to preclude an era of disharmony leading to a situation like that of world wars. In the decades following the horrors of sphere War II and the genocide of European Jews, the world community was shocked and UN spurred by these terrible crimes show the renewed political will of bringing together the nations to combat any such threat to world peace and welfare in future. It has now become a general principle accepted twain inlawand practice that imperialism and foreign invasion were antithetical to the right of self-determination, which was understood to be the keister of the post-World War II worldwideorder. In the light of above mentioned principles of international law and its protected principles, an move has been made here to study the reason and legality of USs attack on Iraq on various ground. ... We are still in a speculation mode regarding why exactly the States invaded Iraq whether the motive was to actually disarm them of any weapons of mass destruction or was it because Bush administration look the oil wells of Iraq. In the era where the international values are peace, security and the well organism of the world, it is not at all acceptable that a country wage war on another country for selfish ulterior motives, under the garb of protecting the noble principles of international law. thusly there is no denying the fact that there is an utmost urgency to probe into the reasons of such invasions. The USAs invasion was criticized as illegal war legalized by misusing the international principles. If this is true then we are approach a very imminent threat posed by the developed countries to developing countries and this war will act as a bad international precedent for the same. Hence the actual reason so-and-so the invasion of Iraq is a million dollar question. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE USA and its allies attacked Iraq under the pretension that Saddam Hussein was in possession of weapons of mass destruction and it was likely that he would pass on those arms to al Qaeda. However the validity of such a ground was later found to be highly diluted. Experts thereafter postulated that we cannot all together rule out the possibility that this war was the outcome of incomprehensible psychology of bush, particularly with respect to his relationship with his fix along wit h the irresistible temptation of getting a strong hold over the prized Mesopotamian oil fields. Possibly he sought to finish the job that his father had begun in 1991 or may be to avenge Hussein who was alleged to have made attempts to

Critical thinking and ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critical thinking and morality - search ExampleThe Ethical Lens Inventory provides a tool for soulal evaluation the ELI helps students understand determine that influence their choices (Fink, 2008). My preferred estimable lens from the ELI is the results lens. I usu all(prenominal)y listen to my intuition (sensibility) when determining the superlative good for individually person (autonomy). My core values are autonomy and sensibility. My primary aim is to encourage individual right I believe that protecting individual rights is the best way of ensuring that every person in the community is treated fairly. These core values are base on the universal rights and duties of gracious beings. My blind spot is that I strongly believe that my definition of the greatest good is similar to all people I could be causing pain to other people who believe on unlike ways of achieving goodness.Personal ethics are the basic principles and values that order interactions between people. Pers onal ethics are critical in decision-making process since they positively impact the experiences of other people when used to govern behaviors of individuals in business or social contexts. Decision-making process is required to be founded on moral principles (Fink, 2008) part making decisions, I always ensure that the decisions do not power harm to others, but cause good to people. As an ethical person, I consider several choices and strive to minimize the consequences to humanity caused to each individual due to adoption of a particular decision.As a branch of philosophy, ethics concentrates on systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct. Ethics is widely applied to both personal and professional responsibilities (Head & Mann, 2005). As an ethical person, I am aware of my responsibilities and I am always striving to achieve the best based on ethical guidelines. Responsibility is one of the values of morality that every ethical

The Abu Ghraib Prison Scandal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Abu Ghraib Prison Scandal - Essay ExampleThe causation made references to similar instances which apparently happened and documented through the experiment conducted by Philip G. Zimbardo, a psychology professor at Stanford University. Likewise, the reasons for the change in behavior were likewise supported through another set of experiments conducted by Stanley Milgram, which were discussed extensively in the article entitled Perils of Obedience published in Harpers in 1973. Using these resources, the current discourse hereby asserts that the behavior of the American guards could be explained from the findings of experiments espoused by Zimbardo and Milgram. Analysis of the state of affairs To enable one to effectively respond to the question, there is a need to establish an examination of the post that led these American soldiers to act viciously. As noted by Szegedy-Maszak (2004), while many theories have been sophisticated about the forces that tragically came together at Abu Ghraib--inadequate training, overzealous intelligence gathering, failure of leadership--none can adequately cover for the hardening of heart incumbent for such sadism (p. 174). The article written by Jehl and Schmitt (2004) and published in The bracing York Times provided a more vivid scenario that presented conditions that set the stage for the apparent sadistic behavior. According to the authors, the members of the array police battalion who were sent to Iraq to serve as prison guards were untrained, unprepared, and completely inexperienced in this special(prenominal) endeavor. Likewise, the Abu Ghraib prison was described as to detain as much as 7,000 prisoners, from an initial capacity of 2,000 which contributed to increasingly chaotic conditions, difficulties in overseeing, and effecively controlling security conditions. It was revealed that in Abu Ghraib the soldiers suddenly found themselves under attack well-nigh every night from insurgents outside the prison (Jeh l & Schmitt A extendd unit, 2004, par. 19). The threat was reported to necessitate the infusion of military intelligence officers. These officers were noted to be the ultimate source of abuse. Factors that Explain the Behavior of American Guards In Zimbardos experiments, it was explicitly noted that abuses and atrocities actually ensued from the very power that was accorded to the students, enacting the security guards roles. As emphasized, from initially outset as ensuring that they must maintain law and order in this prison, that they were responsible for handling any trouble that might break out, and they were cautioned about the seriousness and potential dangers of the situation they were about to enter (Zimbardo, 1973, p. 41), the presence of the pursuance factors were actually evident and similar to the Abu Ghraib prison (1) power to maintain law and order (2) imminent threats from prisoners or from external sources of chaos that could endanger their lives (3) the apparent need to conform to the norms of society in terms of responding to the well-disposed pressures of the prison environment and, likewise, (4) the natural response for the application of forms of sadism, to purportedly control prisoners or make them generate to the orders given, with or without justifiable rationales. Using the experiment conducted by Milgram (1973), one could evaluate that the power of obedience was anticipate to have been ingrained in every individuals being and thereby, prison guards who are pass judgment to be followed with regards to orders being directed to prisoners, resort to the authority and powers vested in them, to inflict whatever action is deemed necessary to enable their subjects to react and respond, as directed. As

Planned Parenthood Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Planned P benthood Education - Essay ExampleIn the US, in that respect is an underlying belief that abstinence approaches are effective because of a number of reasons. First of exclusively, adherents to this belief charter that there are certain social, physical and psychological effect that pass oning come as egress of expressing ones awakeuality. Supporters of this principle claim that young people are not supposed to litigate sex as part of their normal lives because they are too young. They conceptualise that any form of sex outside mating is simply wrong and out of context.People who hold this perspective are maneuver by a certain set of moral values. The major principle behind these values is that marriage is the only place for sex. They also hold the view that engaging in any sexual activities onwards marriage will only make things worse for teenagers. There are some negative effects that will come out of premarital sex and must be avoided at all costs.Adherents t o this believe normally hold the view that condoms turn in very high failure rates and other forms of contraceptives are not appropriate for young people as they do not offer one speed of light percent guarantee.It should be noted that many families in the United States are founded upon religious beliefs even though many of them may not like to admit it. Religion requires young people to wait until marriage. Consequently, its familiarity is to remain intact then teenagers need to refrain from having sex completely. Teaching young people that premarital sex is a moral failure does not prevent pregnancy. studies show that those with fearful and negative attitudes nigh sexuality are less likely to use contraception when they have sex than those who believe they have a right to decide to have sex (Ira, 1990). Planned Parenthood grooming is quite plausible because it will teach teenagers the fact that sexuality is a perfectly healthy part of life. Additionally, teenagers get to und erstand all the beliefs and attitudes about sex. This is because the approach does not hide any issue from them. Besides these, Planned Parenthood education ensures that young people understand the true meaning of relationships while teaching them interpersonal skills at the very(prenominal) time. This method requires teachers to give accurate information meaning that teenagers will understand how to protect themselves using condoms and will decrease risks of contracting sexually transmitted disease. However, this does not undermine the fact that the approach also talks about the effectiveness of abstinence in preventing teenage pregnancies. The approach addresses the fact that this is the only sure

Criminological Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Criminological Theory - Essay ExamplePeople consider them as the founding fathers of the Greco-Roman theories because they are the ones who started enlightening the community on classical thinking. Their aim was to reduce the harshness experienced in the judicial systems during the eighteenth century.The classical theory bases its arguments on the principle of maximum pleasure and minimum torture (Gottfredson, 1990). Bentham is the main contributor to this school of thought, being a utilitarian he was interested in the benefit and happiness of the population. In classicism, punishment is for the good of the poisonous. He believes that human behavior is aimed at minimizing pain and maximizing pleasure. Bentham as one of the founders of the classical theorists believes that, it is better to prevent a criminal offence than to let a somebody commit a crime and then punish him. This theory advocates for a punishment that is equal to the crime committed.Classical thinking has a big im pact in criminological thinking and a greater influence in criminal justice. In America and Europe, the idea of giving punishment depending on the record of crime has created a foundation to the criminal justice systems in the modern society. Classical thinking has take to the decline of torture, use of capital punishment and corporal punishment (Baron, 2003). Over the years since the second half of eighteenth century and nineteenth century, prisons have developed, and the whole concept and idea of prison was to punish the sense and mind and not the body. This was very important in changing a persons criminal behavior.One of the strengths of the classical theory is that, although it was developed long ago, it has continued to be used in the nowadays judicial system (Baron, 2003). Deterrence as one of the elements in classical thinking helps in reduce crime rate. Classical thinking might be in great use today, but it in like manner has its weaknesses and one of the weaknesses is that, in the

Accounting Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Accounting Case theme - Essay ExampleThere is a belief that poor branding identity is the root excite of declining market fortunes. In addition, its recent methods of retail turn over been overcome by recent market shifts. spirit at the giant entrants as if the Wal-Mart and Canadian Tire depicts a total shift in retailing strategies. Perhaps the failure of the manufacturer to respond to market trends has largely caused the line that is being mensesly mitigated.to a greater extent importantly, the larger manufacturers have adopted the use of modern knowledge technology and sophisticated inventory way systems. It is certain that deliberate steps need to be undertaken immediately. Apart from a shift of the marketing trends towards information technology, the company has failed to build a strong brand as the marketing forces become fierce. Today, the category suppliers have grown significantly that they command specific designs for manufacturers to produce. Evidently, the recent times has seen category supply, demand particular sizes and alter of goods being supplied. While Clearwater remains stagnant in the traditional retail systems, the market forces have overwhelmingly become unbearable.Besides, the problem has arisen because of untimely management decisions. In business, the management team should be vibrant and creative. acting timely to respond to changing market patterns is critical in ensuring that a company is not strained out of the market. With a timely and a continuous product adjustment, the company would not be experiencing the current marketing doldrums. In addition, it is certain that the problem is solely a marketing and strategic step. One of the problem would have been solved before it became evident was branding, as a business grows that need to maintain a highly competitive manageable is crucial, management decisions should explore product and study market patterns with a invite of making necessary

Incident in Indian history Essay Example for Free

Incident in Indian history EssayThere is a actu exclusivelyy famous attendant in Indian history which serves as lesson for all rulers for all the propagation, some rulers take positive cues from it, mend their counsellings, treat themselves as servants of public and keep public interest above theirs while others who are drunk with power and unconditional in behavior, refuse to learn any occasion, become another example in long list of individuals whose heel pops up when there is a talk about how common drawes dislodged the ruling fall apart from the throne. The incident is about a alloy rulers abuse and insult of a unbiased, truehearted and skilful sannyasi. The sannyasi takes a vow to uproot the mighty corrupt ruler and after few historic period gets success in his mission. The Sanyasi had honesty, integrity, patriotism few good followers as his asset and we nonoperational know that period of Indian history as golden period. You might hit got the idea public treasury now, the mighty corrupt ruler was Dhananand and the Sanyasi was Shri Vishnugupt, whom we know as Chankya.Chankyas worthy student Chandragupta, after he conquers Magadh, also frees the mother sphere from clutches of contrasteders. This incident came to my mind when I saw how, one year ago, the corrupt members of a particular party heaped insult after insult on a patriotic Sanyasi, who was in force(p) demanding the return of our ill-gotten gold from foreign land and end of corruption in India. The corrupts were sp unnerved of saffron cloths of the Sanyasi that they had to arrest him in night at 2 am, that too after talking to him and giving him assurance that they will act on his demands.But the Sanyasi wanted a cover action from the corrupt thugs and was hoping against the hope that they will issue an ordinance on declaring the black money as national asset and those who countenance stashed away that money would be declared as criminals and given very hard punishment . He wanted the corrupt thugs to issue the ordinance as he has imaginen how they defend been nonchalant the Anna Hazare and his team on JanLokpal bill. Its for all of you to see how the government hasnt passed the bill toll today, even uping after promising the moon.If the corrupts wanted it, they could have done that that this would have given them so practically trouble because many generation its they and their close ones who have stashed the black money abroad and involved in all corruption scandals. You cant expect a thief to pass a rightfulness for his own punishment. The corrupt ruling class had to act against their loved ones after much(prenominal) law is passed and Indian public too, which has become aware about all the wrong doings and its effect on them, would pressu deck out them to act.The Supreme Court which is now acting as very much independent agency, as visualized in constitution of India, would have got the corrupt thugs in more trouble. All these 65 years the corrupt people of political class, specially the party which ruled us the most, have looted this nation systematically. Its them and their close one who has billions of dollars stashed away in foreign banks. This is reservation them so nervous that they wont allow this to happen otherwise their queen bee will be exposed too and public in this information age would be able to see how systematically this Gandhi Nehru clan and its cronies have looted our nation.Thats why the ruling class started bribing the whole nation through easy money fashioning mass bribing schemes such a farmer loan waiver scheme or the bigger scandal in form of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Guaranty Scheme. These mass bribery schemes have helped the corrupts to win elections hardly have given a big financial burden on tax payers like me and our economic turn up is slowing down because of such nonproductive schemes. The ruling class knows that Indians suffer from short term reminiscence loss.They know that Indians would notwithstanding forget what these corrupt thugs have been doing now and as central elections are 2 years away, they can make fool of Indians again and through some mass bribery scheme, fanning communal violence and minority appeasement they can dream of coming to power again. These corrupt thugs dont have long term wellbeing of India in mind and are just focused on short term gain of winning elections by hook or crook and punishing the patriots of this land to appease certain section of minorities, hiding the orruption and ego massaging of certain individuals.They tried it all in new-made UP elections but its for the world to see how the Prince charming whole extended Gandhi clan along with great drearist Digvijay Singh failed miserably to keep even the assembly constituencies of Raibareli Amethi with grand old corrupt party. I just cant believe that the Congress Party once had Sardar Patel and Subhash Chndra Bose as its members. Their souls must be twi nge with pain and thinking that why at all they wanted freedom from British?If you dont even have right to sit on peaceful protest and the administration can dumb beat up the hungry and thirsty sleeping children, women and elderly men, in middle of night than what frame of freedom and democracy is this? Dont you think that the incident which happened with Baba Ramdev his supporters a year ago brings sad memory of Jaliawala bagh back to your mind? The situation was same, all people were doing just peaceful protest and common Dyre, a foreigner, ordered his Indian policemen to fire and kill people.The Indian policemen in his command didnt even hesitate to kill their own peaceful countrymen and this time you have Italian, a foreigner, ordering the same issue on sleeping innocent countrymen in middle of night. The cunning politician who calls Osama Bin Laden as Osama Ji, visits the home of terrorists and cast doubts on security forces of India has guts to call a patriotic Sanyasi as thug and we all just listen, smile and look away as if its not your or mine problem. What kind of people we have become?Just imagine if these corrupt thugs can do such lowly acts with such an extraordinary individual as Baba Ramdev, what they could do to us or what they have been doing with this nation all these years? I dont have any hesitation in saying that Congress party is root of all evils of India as they ruled India the most. They had golden chance of make Indias destiny at independence but Nehru was too westernize to think for Indian way solution. So we still have many laws which are prevalent from 1890s too, its hard to believe but its truth.If, in front of our eyes and in this information age they have been able to do scams of such a greater magnitude as Coalgte, 2G spectrum scam, Adarsh Society Scam, Food grain scam, insulting a honest patriotic army chief and many more such things, than just think what they have been doing in past? Infact the corruption started in 1 947 itself by doing Geep scandal. I feel sometimes that this party is just meant for loot and siphoning away Indias wealth like the way British did for 200 years.The Nehru Gandhi Clan and many congressmen, by being close to Britishers, knew and perfected the art of divide rule and siphoning money and stashing away in foreign lands. Its because of people like these the tolerant Hindus are becoming violent in their thoughts and trying to avenge the gangrene of Bharat Mata and fellow Hindus. I think they are still thinking that young educated mass in India dont matter as we dont go for choose and are just arm chair or cyber activists. I know there is some truth in it and whitethorn be they may again get away with it.But I know one thing for sure that all these agitations by likes of Anna Hazare Baba Ramdev are atleast making people aware of what kind of corrupt people are ruling us. In long run this awareness will help in making India a better democracy. I urge all nationalistic l ike-minded Indians to start speaking and notification truth whenever wherever they get chance. We need to wakenn the mass. I try to do it whenever I am in any public place such as trains, buses, local transports, in social gatherings, agency talks with colleagues.I prefer travelling in sleeper class of train many times so that I get the chance to meet more and more people and make them agnise the challenges in front of the nation. I make sure that everybody understands the point of view and urge them to suffrage in every election. I take their pledge that they will vote in all elections. It doesnt matter whom they vote for but they should vote as its the only way we can play part in building India. This is the war of Kurukshetra, you cant remain neutral in this war, and you have to pick a side.By being neutral I mean that not voting and going on for press stud on voting day is not an option anymore. You will get the government that you deserve and I dont think we deserve to be ruled by the current bunch of corrupts whose pull in is there in different big corruption scandals. If the educated middle class doesnt rise to the occasion than again the next government will be decided by the people for whom the grade religion and free food or money for one day is enough for making voting choices.In recent elections you might have seen how they seized liquor money from candidates which was meant for distribution among voters. The poor illiterate village masses have been shackled so long in barriers of castes, religion, food money that they many times miss the bigger picture. So until the educated middle class who are affected by ordinary corruption doesnt take pledge to do the voting seriously, I dont see much chance of improving the situation in India.I know we all common Indians are not like sun which can remove the darkness in one go but we are like small diyas which when placed together, have the best chance of outshining the sun. I urge all like-minded Indians to step up their protests wherever they can. It may be through blogs, through open talks, at hotels where you go for lunch or dinner, at parks, students can do it in their campus, if electronic print media isnt doing its work and many times acting as B team of this corrupt rule than we have to play our part in saving this nations soul.If we dont register our protest, the corrupt ruling class will feel that we dont care about our nation and just busy with earning our money and living our deportment casually. its upto us now, we have to show them through our deeds that we are still awake and wont tolerate the looting of common wealth anymore. They had contend with pride of a Sanyasi who doesnt want anything for himself. He has enough fame through his good deeds. He has enough resources to sustain himself for life long. He is not having any immediate family which is getting benefitted out of his fame.He is a patriotic Sanyasi like Chankya and the foreigner controlled ruling class should know what happened after a corrupt thug insulted and down in the mouth an honest and patriotic Sanyasi. Although I dont agree with some of the points which Baba Ramdev is insisting on such a removal of big currency notes and having all education in Hindi other regional languages or bringing Dalit Christians Muslims under reservation. But his other issues are worthy causes for which we have to raise our embodied voice.The ruling class is playing with a simple honest individual like Anna Hazare, who is asking goose egg for himself and making a fool of him every day by one lie or another. They had played with pride of an honest army General and maligned his character by all possible means. On other hand the likes of Rajas, Chidambaram, Dayanidhi Maran, Abhishek Manu Singhvi, Sharad Pawar are having time of their life and they are busy in inventing new ways of looting the public money. If we want this to be stopped than I urge you to play your part in making of this nat ion.It would be really late if we keep silence and allow the corrupt to play their dirty games. I think Baba Ramdev has chosen 3rd June for starting his protest as because its an historical date on which Nehru, Mountbatten Jinnah agree to divide India on religious lines. The time has come again to fight for the cause of India and keep it coupled by chants of Vande Mataram. I sincerely believe that we Indians deserve much better government so that our futurity generations can live with pride in developed India.

The First Chapter of Of Mice and Men in his Film Version of the Book Essay Example for Free

The First Chapter of Of Mice and Men in his Film interpretation of the Book EssayGary Sinese presents the first chapter of Of Mice and Men quite differently in his film recital, compared to the book because of some(prenominal) major changes he has made.The book was written in the 1930s and is about the events that happen involving two men, George and Lennie, difference to work on a ranch. The film, however is a modern adaptation, made in the 1990s.Probably nonpareil of the most important changes made is that of the mood of the opening. In the book the opening is very descriptive with a very calm and tranquil speck. This is shown by the following extractThe water is warm too, for it has slipped, twinkling all over the yellow sands and on the sandy bank under the trees the leaves lie deep.There is also quite a slow pace in the book because in that respect is over a page and a half of text describing the area and atmosphere before the characters are even introduced.In the film version the opening is quite different to the book. The mood is darker as the opening icon consists of George sitting in a dimly lit train with a beam of light focusing on his eyes. There is thence a flashback, to a woman, crying, running through a field. The camera tracks her movement, focusing on her eyes, until she runs past it. This tells the audience that she is fleeing from something terrible because of the terror in her eyes. The film then switches to George and Lennie being chased by a mob.This shows there is a faster pace to the film, as there is no descriptive setting of the same location. also Sinese added the detail of George and Lennie being chased, because this is only briefly menti one and only(a)d in the book, and not in great detail.He added this scene to create an opening with tension, which chases often create in film. The fast paced music included in the scene also creates tension, and the silence as George and Lennie hide with the mob a few feet away c reates a feeling of suspense. This then makes the audience want to keep watching to discover why George and Lennie were being chased. Sinese also added scenes where George and Lennie require their work passes and ride the bus so these events would not take in to be rationalizeed using dialogue standardised in the book, as this might bore audiences. For example, in the book George says to LennieYou remember about us goin into Murray and Readys, an they debate us work cards and bus passes?If it were done this way in the film, George would also view to explain what happened on the bus ride and why they are now on the road, which would have been harder for the audience to understand.The costumes of George and Lennie apprehension loyal to the book. In the book their outfits are described asDenim trousers and denim coats with brass buttons. both wore black, shapeless hats and both carried tight blanket rolls.The costumes in the film stay true to this, especially with Lennie, who we ars simply the same outfit. George, however, has a slightly different jacket and hat.In the book George is described as atrophied and quick, dark of face, with restless eyes and sharp, strong features. Sinese decided to play George himself, but he does not have the sharp, strong, defined features that are described in the book.Lennie is described as a huge man, shapeless of face, with Brobdingnagian pale eyes, with wide, sloping shoulders. He is also compared to a bear on several separate occasions, one of these being he walked heavily, dragging his feet a little, the way a bear drags his paws. John Malcovich, who plays lennie, does not have many of these features. Although he slouches and drags his feet, he does not have the large pale eyes or the build. as well he makes Lennie sound too simple.First impressions of the characters are shown quite similarly using the characters dialogue. It is more unmistakable that Lennie is more forgetful in the book but George seems more cont rolling in the film. This is shown when George discovers that Lennie has a doomed mouse. In the film George forcefully takes it away from Lennie, while in the book George tries to reason with Lennie by calmly saying come on, give it here, and Lennie obeys.After George takes the mouse away in the film, Lennie begins to cry. This show how strict George shadow be and how much like a child Lennie, which is not shown much in the book.The location in which the characters are first introduced is described as a narrow pool with a path through the willows and sycamoresThe location they use in the film is true to the setting in the book, although the pool seems to be shown indian lodge a different area to the road.Overall, the film is an average adaptation of the book with authentic locations and costumes and a dramatic, tension-filled opening, that grips the audience. and more time could have been spent on casting the main characters of George and Lennie and developing their dialogue an d luggage compartment language.

Growth and Future of Private Equity Essay Example for Free

harvest-feast and upcoming of semi individual(a) fair play Essay1. Overview of esoteric EquityPrivate integrity is an all in-chief(postnominal)(predicate) source of pecuniary resource for flummox-up firms, and firms in financial distress. This type of livelihood has gained gravid signifi coffin nailce in the former(prenominal) two decades and as such(prenominal) is a relatively novel concept. It is oneness and only(a) of the fastest festering celestial spheres in the realness of collective finance with extensive applications cross wise(p) all industry atoms. Businesses crosswise the globe direct on detonator enthronisation for their out yield and survival. The ceiling enthronization is chiefly excited through public issues, financial institutions, loans from banking institutions, reciprocal cash in hand, and lease financing options available in the securities industry. Investment in start-up disdain venture has graduate(prenominal) risks assoc iated where line returns be uncertain.Private virtue b laid-backwayly refers to commit in companies that ar closely owned. This form of enthronement generally uses money elevated from pension off off strains, financial institutions and wealthy individuals for investiture in high festering air organisationes or for acquiring businesses with higher(prenominal) drifts of return. The snobby faithfulness grocery store involves large block transactions, which atomic subdue 18 backstagely negotiated, generally involving unlisted companies (Business Standard publication). This type of enthronement is non listed in the stock supersede and has bewilder popular financing instrument for new business ventures.This kind of investiture funds broadly covers commission buy-outs and buy-ins, festering upper-case letter and venture capital.Management buy-ins and buy-outs In this case undercover in effect(p)ice funds argon used to purchase the company or controllin g stake in it using debt and faithfulness capital. tuition capital This form of enthronisation generally refers to money borrowed for reading or emersion purposes. Capital borrowed beneath this category send away be used for any organizational purpose ranging from financing new lines of proceeds to ensuring smooth completion of on going projects.Venture capital This refers to investment in new business ventures that has promising offshoot potential and higher financial returns.Private justice firms establish funds that raise capital from investors who form limited partners. The closed-door faithfulness firms, referred to as the general partners invest this capital on with funds collected from banking and otherwise commercial institutions to buy businesses that control significant yield and accessiond winningsableness potential. The general partners put one over certain guidelines for selecting a company or business for acquisition. A business that combines the energy to pay back cash, and significant commercialize comfort a abundant with a strong managerial team to jazz gain in the desired direction is an ideal investment option.The general partners objective is to infuse well-planned harvest st charge per unitgies backed by a strong team to improve the companys performance and generate higher returns on investment. This is accomplished through strategic advice, trade analysis, restructuring of be operational framework, change management strategies and financing. They make money from the cash f utter of the acquired business and then sell them for profitable gains. The relationship is generally of a short nature ranging from three to ten old age of self-will after which the proceeds ar used to acquire another business or finance another venture.Once the company has bragging(a) in wrong of valuation and profitability it is sold to a bigger company or floated on a stock commercialise.The clubby integrity investment has its own cycle that is extended through long consummations of activity to support sustained business growth and gains. Private impartiality firms raise funds any three to flipper course of instructions to fund specific activities within the acquired business. The best beat for acquiring a business is when the merchandises and prices atomic number 18 low. uniformly the ideal time for exiting or selling stakes in the acquired business is when the prices be high to maximize gains from proceeds. Investments within a company are usually held for several grades to give time to the business to mature and sphere a stage of high profits and merchandise value.The hugger-mugger rightfulness foodstuffplace constitutes of the organized mart and the informal market. The organized individual(a) justness market includes overlordly managed justice investments in unregistered securities of private and public companies. Specialized firms and institutional investors provide passe-p artout management dishs that build on the companys assets and managerial talent.The private fair-mindedness managers have large ownership stakes in the business and get actively involved in the b oil colourers suit management of the company. These businesses are profit-building machines for them that are nourished and nurtured to provide higher returns on investment. Once the businesses are formal and reap profitable returns they are either listed for public offers in the market or sold to larger companies for higher gains.The organized private impartiality market has iv major players comp move up of private integrity issuers, intermediaries, investors, and the agents or advisors.The issuers comp onward motions of firms that cannot raise financing in the debt market or the public equity market. These firms are relatively immatureer in comparison to other firms in the market and they seek to raise capital for new harvest-home development or technology to show truly high growth place in the future. These firms are still in the explore and development stage. In some cases firms with yrs of operation in the market venture out to new technologies or lines of religious table benefit withal come into this bracket for financing call fors. This instalment has assumed long importance in the private equity market with rising statistics and more than private equity investors taking active interest in their potential growth capacity and highly profitable ventures. High yields and increase returns are one of the to the highest degree close inive features of this market segment.Intermediaries comprise of nighly 80 percent of private equity investments. This market area mostly constitutes of limited partnership firms managed by independent partnership organizations or by affiliates of financial institutions. This segment also includes small business investment companies, or publicly traded investment companies that account for marginal share of t he private equity market.Investors comprise of the public and corporal pension funds forming the largest investor groups accountancy for 40 percent of spheric capital out standings. human beings pension funds are the fastest growing group of investors and have overtaken private pension funds in terms of amount of private equity holdings. Endowments, foundations, bank holding companies, and high net worth individuals accounting for about 10 percent each of the full(a) private equity funds follow the pension funds. The other investors include insurance companies, investment banks, financial investors, and non-banking financial institutions.Agents and advisors form a significant surgical incision of the private equity market. They are chiefly referred to as the tuition producers, who place private equity, raise funds for private equity partnerships, and evaluate the feasibility of the partnerships for the potential investors. Their sole purpose is to reduce the cost of data ga thering that is required for private equity investment.They facilitate the search of companies in need of private equity supporting, and institutional investors who are willing to enter into partnership agreement. They advise on the structure, timing, and pricing of private equity issues and assist in the bear upon of negotiation between the two parties. Their role assumes strikinger significance in the context of financial investors who are unfamiliar with the local market or economy.In the informal private equity market unregistered securities are sold to institutional investors, where the number of investors is larger and minimum investments smaller than the organized private equity market. Investors in this segment are mostly insiders in the company who have stake in the company.The companies that are financed through private equity funds benefit in terms of correct management and increase efficiency since the investors take active interest in monitoring and improvising ch anges for better financial performance. The private equity firms have access to specialized management expertise for acquired businesses. Moreover, the private equity managers occupy extensive market research and analyze the feasibility of business ventures from every angle to legislate risk assessment and opportunities before deciding on investment. This equips them with indepth market intimacy to make well-planned strategic moves that can reap higher productivity and gains for the private equity investors.The concept of private equity dates back to the year 1946 with the establishment of the American Research and Development Corporation with the sole objective of providing financing to new and start up businesses in the private sector. It was setup as an institution that provided finance as well as management expertise to ailing organizations. Since then the private equity market has witnessed a booming presence across the globe especially in the last 15 old age. The sector h as generated profits of more than $430 cardinal for their investors between the years 1991 and 2006.The recent corporate trends in the private equity market have shifted towards consolidations and buyouts. This is mainly attributed to seeking computable investments by private equity firms and the benefits of cost advantage and minimizing risks across versatile channel of distribution. The private equity firms look for companies that are market leaders in terms of product and help offering having a strong management team and high barriers to market entre, attractive growth opportunities and profit margins. The growth of private equity funds is evident with change magnitude investment in large number of private companies as well as taking public companies private.Private equity has played an important role in scotch development modify to enhanced productivity, competitiveness, and modify performance of businesses in the private sector. The private equity market in India has also grown from US$20 million in 1996 to US$1.75 one million million in 2004. The land is emerging as the major market for private equity investments.2. Growth of Indian sparingThe Indian subcontinent having macrocosm of over 1.1 cardinal, diverse cultures, religion, and languages has one of the largest and successfully policy-making campaign democracies in the invention. Post independence it has been successful in eroding poverty and illiteracy to a great extent. The low per capita income combined with someer manufacturing industries and a service sector at the base level had designate the agricultural as poor and underdeveloped. The economy was primarily agrarian and lack of facilities and infrastructure posed great difficulties in its progress.Initially the government controlled everything from banks to major industries. veneer such extreme situation the acres has emerged as one of the fastest growing economies in the world with an annual growth rate of 8% in the la st three years. It is also seen as the destination for information technology and global process outsourcing. change magnitude exotic investments and growth in real per capita income has transformed the economy largely over the last decade. instanter India is a rapidly growing economy experiencing a fast growth rate in the previous(prenominal) few years. The path of stinting development and progress that India has taken is spectacular and has emerged the new market for the world with immense growth potential. Various economists have predicted that India will become a major economic personnel in the years to come. This is largely attributed to the rising Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the countries and the major economic variety that has taken place in the countries recently. The Indian economy had very poor growth rate role independence with a predominantly agrarian economy and underdeveloped manufacturing and service sectors.Rise in privatization of various sectors paved the way for economic progress in the subsequent years. The government sought to implement policies to manipulate overall development of the manufacturing and service sectors. These measures brought about major changes in the industrial landscape and economic growth rate accelerated. The annual economic growth rate was 5.5% in the 1980s. industrial growth rate was save at 6.6% annually and 3.6% in the agricultural sector.The 1990s witnessed a rapid change in the economic growth and development with the easiness of the economy. A GDP growth of 9% was observed in the 2005-06 and 9.5% during 2006-07. With rising GDP and change magnitude investment the economy is poised for enhanced growth rate. The economy was largely upgradeed by growth in tourism, financial sectors, and manufacturing industries. It is now the one-fourth largest economy in terms of purchase advocate parity.High growth rates in the industrial and service sector combined with a clinical depression in the major econ omies across the world in the last few years have provided the Indian economy a boost. The mid 1990s saw a rise in the entropy engineering sector in the nation. The rapid penetration of computers and the Internet in nooks and corners of the republic attributed largely to this rise. Moreover, the abundance of competent professionals armed with modish technical know-how and the zeal to prove their abilities in this direction provided the necessary impetus. India soon became the hub of IT activities across the globe with surging demand for professionals from the country. Government reforms and policies provided the necessary infrastructure for the growth of this sector. This was a major exploit for the country.The growth in IT sector led to the rise in other associated service and industrial sectors contributing to overall development of the economy. Currently the service sector dominated by IT, financial operate, and formulation contributes more than 50% of the GDP. Business P rocess Outsourcing (BPO) is merely another arena contributing to overall economic development. This segment has attracted extensive extraneous investments into the country. A large portion of the Indian population comprises of young people. The educated young people have benefited the service sector with the availability of skilled labor and this contributed largely to the development of the country. disdain the slump in global economy that has hit hard some of the most developed economies worry join States, Indian economy has remained immune to the effects of this recession. This is primarily due to the strong economic reforms espouse by the country. The low dependence of the economy on export trade is one of the reasons. The Indian economy is more driven by domestic demand than contrary investment. Moreover, the banking system has minimal exposure to abroad currency assets. This has rendered the economy relatively immune to the effects of the global slump. While other econo mies across the world are facing economic turmoil, India remains on steady footing.Being one of the fastest growing economies in the world India is attracting huge amounts of hostile investment. The tot amount of outside investment reached US$ 8.5 gazillion in the year 2006.Real GDP Growth Rate during 2003 to 2007 2003 2004 2005 2006 20074.30%8.30%6.20%8.40%9.20%The chart shows the real GDP growth rate in percentage during the period 2003 to 2007. (Data collected from economywatch.com)The electric current GDP of the country is at 9.2% per annum that is sooner an impressive figure. Growth of merchandise exports and rise in exports of services have strengthened the foreign militia of the country. The major destinations for exports are United States, United Arab Emirates, and the OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries). The active participation of India in worldwide commerce has fashiond enough opportunities for economic growth and development. The impressive growt h rates and statistics predict the emergence of a strong economy in the coming future. Economists predict that the Indian economy will become a super economic magnate in the next two decades.Some of the major development indicators of Indian economy are summarized infraHigh rate of savings, almost 32% of the GDP and higher rate of investment most 34% of the GDP indicate accelerated growth rate.A young population of the country is another factor contributing to the overall economic growth and development.Highly educated heap contributing to skilled labor force is yet another factor contributing to the rise in the IT and BPO sector.Economic growth has created huge employment opportunities that have helped in reducing poverty considerably.Economic reforms and policies select by the Government of India towards social upliftment with particular stress on education, wellness, and infrastructure has greatly assisted the process of economic growth.3. Issues facing the Indian EconomyI ndia whitethorn be reckoned as the emerging economic power of the future, but it has its share of challenges that need to be overcome. Lack of adequate institutional and infrastructure facilities may create bottlenecks in the growth and development of the economy. Since independence the country has faced huge challenges in its way to modernization and political, economic and social growth. Impediments in the form of poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, poor health facilities, and socio-cultural barriers posed grave problems in its road to development. The fast rate of growth aided by utile economic reforms helped in overcoming these challenges to a great extent. Poverty and illiteracy were reduced considerably with adequate measures adopted in the form of Five-year plans implemented by the successive governments.The upliftment of the masses by creating employment opportunities and provision for free and compulsory education for all across the country did have significant effect on t he economy. Infrastructure also have considerable attending in the development plans resulting in the emergence of a new and modern India. In spite of atrocious progress India still faces major challenges that need to be overcome if the country wants to become a superpower in the near future. The issues and challenges faced by the Indian economy currently are given belowSustaining a growth rate of 8% per annum for the consecutive cardinal years will be one of the biggest challenges for the Indian economy.The entry of companies and business ventures into the Indian soil requires extensive paperwork and legal procedures. Most foreign companies nonplus it a petite intimi go out to enter the Indian market due to these reasons. Relaxation and simplification of the entry procedures will definitely work in the interest of the Indian economy.The huge population density of the country affects the gross per capita income of the country.The countrys economy is primarily agrarian but with rapid industrialization and governments boosting the service sector, agriculture has taken a backseat. The government demand to boost this sector as well freehand it a more organized look.Providing proper infrastructure to attract large scale foreign investment is much required for sustainable economic growth. The economy faces widespread problem of electricity supply, proper roads, and converse channels that can affect the economy adversely.Extending proper health care to all is another important issue facing the country. health care has definitely improved over the past few years but it still remains inadequate by world standards.Poverty is still posing a stiff challenge to the economic growth and development. Inequality of wealth distribution is quite high across the country.Education is yet another challenge faced by the country.The government needs to implement effective policies and reforms to increase the overall standard of living of the poorer section and provide basic amenities to them. Reducing income inequalities on with social reforms are much required for overcoming these discrepancies faced by the Indian economy.The foreign direct investment has become a bring out feature of growing economic development and the focus of national development strategies in almost all countries across the globe. It is considered an important economic growth indicator that assists boost in domestic capital, productivity, and employment. It is considered to be the lifeblood of any economy. The Indian Government has initiated several promotional efforts to attract more foreign direct investment into the country in the form of private equity. There are several trends that are reinforcing traditional patterns in foreign direct investment across economies that include access to inhering resources, markets, and affordable labor. globularization and liberalization of the economy added to the attraction of private equity funds in to the country. In supplement to t hese economic factors the expansion in information and communication technologies, and improvement in logistics has greatly shaped the Indian economic attractiveness to foreign investors. Private equity investors across the globe are change magnitudely slip their focus to India. Big names in private equity market across the globe comparable Blackstone Group, Texas Pacific Group, Kohlberg, Kravis and Roberts, Carlyle Group, Actis Partners and General Atlantic Partners have ventured into the Indian markets in search of higher returns on investment.4. Growth Trends of Private Equity in IndiaThe market for private equity in India has emerged quite recently. The private equity market grew from a US$ 20 million in 1996 to US$ 7.5 billion in 2006. The country is now reckoned as one of the top ten destinations for private equity investments. Investors across the globe are eyeing the growing Indian market that offers extensive investment opportunities. Local and foreign investors are eyei ng the domestic market investment opportunities with increased interest. The major sectors of investor interest are the IT and BPO sectors that continue to dominate the economy but manufacturing concerns are not removed behind.Investors are taking avid interest in this rapidly growing market parallel to the Chinese economy that has shown immense potential in the past few years. The rise in entrepreneurship, skilled workforce, rising percentage of people with fluent English speaking capability and the countrys status as the worlds largest democracy have greatly contributed to its rising economy.The private equity market has risen both in terms of great number of deals and greater number of firms capitalizing on this increasing opportunity. The Indian private equity market also saw an increase in exits and improved liquidity in the recent years. The Asian market has largely been perceived as difficult for exits in the private equity sector. Investors are wary of the fluctuating mar ket trends and risk proposition involved in capitalization of their funds. Un handle the Asian market the Indian market has been strengthening over the years this has attracted the investors greatly.The increasing liquidity of the market has played in favor of these investors providing higher gains and returns from public offer deals and trade sales. As per K.P. Balaraj, the Managing Director and co-founder of West Bridge Capital Partners, In India, the markets are in their third or fourth year of a bull run. The companies have a number of avenues to raise money at low cost. Theres a lot of liquidity in the debt system. The IPO markets and capital markets are very strong in India, and theres lot of appetite overseas for Indian securities.The Indian market has gained the investors confidence due to the stable environment and growth statistics that has worked to its advantage in the past few years. The foreign investment growth in the private equity market is seen as yet another boos t to this finance segment contributing to a market capitalization of more than US$ 3.56 million in the year 2005.The private equity funds invest mostly in unlisted companies that have good growth potential and cash out option through public offers. In some cases the private equity firms invest in both seed capital and development ventures that have potential high rates of returns on investment. According to a study conducted by Venture Intelligence, a Chennai based research firm, Private equity firms invested a record $7.46 billion over 299 deals in India during 2006, that is three times greater the previous year figures.The biggest deal clichd in 2006 involved Idea Cellular, the fifth largest wireless factor in India, raising a funding of $950 million from a group of private equity investors that include Providence Equity Partners, ChrysCapital, and Citigroup. Another important deal involved Kohlberg Kravis Roberts that paid $900 million for 85% stake of Textronics Software.Warbur g Pincuss $300 million investment in the year 1999 in Bharti Tele-Ventures the largest mobile service provider in India was subsequently sold in several stages for $1.6 billion. This is considered one of the most profitable private equity deals in the country to date. These high rates of returns and attractive gains lured umteen foreign private equity investors to the Indian market.The tremendous growth of the private equity market in the country is largely attributed to a combine of country-specific factors that distinguish the Indian environment in terms of investment opportunities from other emerging markets across the globe. These factors includeSustained rapid economic growth of 8% per annum over the past five years consecutively. insurrection domestic consumer market of India has given rise to potential business opportunities.A well-established public equity market of India has given rise to increasing breed of private equity investors in the country. The Mumbai stock exchan ge dating back to 1875 has more than 6000 listed companies recording extensive trading volumes comparable to no other exchange in the world.A highly educated population combined with widespread knowledge of the English language provides a distinctive advantage. The skilled workforce has resulted in the rising development of certain sectors like information technology, business process outsourcing, software development, pharmaceuticals, and automobile components.The country has one of the oldest and largest democracies in the world running successfully across decades. The stable political scenario combined with an effective legal framework has provided the economy with sound base for development and growth.The distinctive advantages mentioned above have created a huge market for private equity funds investors. Private equity firms are expend in retail, manufacturing, healthcare, real realm, infrastructure, media, and telecom sectors in India. India is the second largest market for private equity firms in Asia after Japan. It has surpassed China and Singapore with large amounts of investment in private equity and venture capital in the year 2006.(Source Indiaopportunitiesfund.com)Research conducted by global research firm Evalueserve apprize that India will receive almost US$ 20 billion private equity funding by the year 2010 making it one of the top ranking countries in the world in terms of private equity investment.The lucrative Indian market has attracted foreign private equity investors in the past parallel of years. As per a market analysis report released by Venture Intelligence the foreign capital investment reached US$ 2.2 billion in the year 2005 that increased to US$ 5.4 billion in the year 2006.The market research and analysis conducted by Evalueserve betrays that the Indian market needs an in-depth understanding and evaluation for the investors in private equity market to maximize returns. The investors need to conduct proper market research, adopt penetrative managerial skills, and instill patience in order to maximize gains since the market is unique in many aspects.The research shows that there are over 366 firms currently operating in the private equity market in India and another 69 are in the process of starting funding trading operations. These private equity firms have targeted to raise funds totaling US$ 48 billion for investment between July 2007 and December 2010. This predicted growth statistics may face challenges in the face of economic slowdown in India or a liquidity crunch in the economy.The first firm to initiate private equity investment in India was the stake Capital Foundation set up in the year 1975. Till the year 1995 very few financial institutions provided capital for investment in private equity or venture capital sector. These institutions were the Industrial Finance Corporation of India (IFCI), Industrial Development bound of India (IDBI), and Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation o f India (ICICI Bank). A number of private equity firms started raising capital from various international and domestic sources to invest in business ventures in the country. This market trend gained momentum during the period 1996 to 2000.The total amount of investment in the private equity and venture capital segment rose from US$20 million in 1996 to US$ 80 million in the year 1997. The market attracted increasing investment from foreign as well as domestic players largely due to the boom in the information technology sector. A pound in the market during the period of 2000 to 2003 brought down the levels of investment. The total number of deals in private equity finance reduced from 280 in 2000 to one hundred ten in 2001. The economy recovered in 2003 and the market growth rate accelerated from 8% GDP to 9% annually.19961997199819992000200120022003200420052006Number of deals51860107280110785671146299Value of deals20802505001160937591470165021837460(Source data Private equity mark et in India Evalueserve mart research report 2007)Out of a total GDP of US$ 910 billion in India in the year 2006 approximately US$ 7.5 billion accounted for private equity investment. This amounts to 0.8% of the total GDP. A comparative analysis of the private equity investment in other developed countries reveal that the percentage spent on private equity is far below countries like United States and United Kingdom.Private Equity Investment as a percentage of Total GDP of some major economies(Source Evalueserve Market research reports 2007)A global stock market review conducted by Standard and short s in May 2007 reveals that the Indian equity market has far surpassed the markets of emerging and developing nations for the past three months growing at a rate of 25.87 percent as opposed to other strike economies that reported a growth rate of 13.83 percent. The Chinese market reported a growth rate of 16.82 enchantment the Mexican market growth rate stood at 24.4 percent. The equ ity market in entropy Africa rose by 11.48 percent. It was observed that the Indian stocks were cheaper than the Chinese stocks. The appreciating rupee in India has led to higher capital inflow from foreign investors to the Indian economy and this is accounted for higher growth rate in the Indian economy.The increase in interest rates of banks across the globe has a positive impact on the Indian economy. This trend will result in reduced external borrowings and consequently the export segment of Indian companies will not be affected. Similarly other developments in the global economy has had very little or negligible effect on the Indian economy so far and this has proved tributary for the private equity market in the country.The Securities and vary display board of India (SEBI) has specify the regulatory framework for investment in private equity and venture capital segment in India. A foreign investor proposing for investing in the Indian private equity market needs to fulfil l the following eligibility criteria and other requirements specified in the SEBI foreign venture capital investor guidelinesThe applicants track record, competence, financial soundness, and experience in the related industry are evaluated.The applicant needs to obtain an approval by the Reserve Bank of India for making investments in the country.The applicant needs to be an investment company, trust, partnership, pension fund, mutual fund, endowment fund, benevolent institution or any other entity incorporated outside India.The applicant can be an asset management company, investment manager, or investment management company incorporated outside India.The applicant essential possess the representation to invest in venture capital or operate as foreign venture capital investor.Evaluate if the applicant is regulated by an appropriate foreign regulatory authority or is an income tax payer.Check if the Board has not refused the applicant a certificate.Check if the applicant is a fit individual with proven track record.Besides the above-mentioned eligibility criteria the SEBI lays down certain investment guidelines that need to be followed by the foreign investorsThe foreign investor must disclose its investment plans and strategies to the SEBI.At least 66.67% of the investment funds must be invested in unlisted equity shares.Not more than 33.3% of the investable funds may be invested inSubscription of initial public offer of a venture capital undertaking whose shares is not listed.Debt or debt instrument of a venture capital undertaking in which the investor has already made an investment by way of equityPreferential allotment of equity shares of a listed company, subject to a lock-in period of one yearThe equity shares or equity linked instruments of a financially weak or sick industrial company whose shares are listed.5. Sector Wise Growth Trends in Private Equity MarketThe primary feature of growth in private equity market in India has been the increased do mestic market investment opportunities that are dominated by both local and foreign investors. In addition to the increase in investment in Information Technology and Business Process Outsourcing sectors a large number of deals have been made involving the domestic market in India with particular emphasis on the manufacturing sector. In the year 2006 the total investments in the private equity market ranged from IT and IT-enabled industries, to banking and financial services, insurance and health care sectors, engineering and construction to manufacturing.While the IT and IT-enabled industries accounted for more than a fifth of the total investment, the manufacturing sector attracted approximately $1 billion. Another significant sector receiving substantial private equity funding was the real estate sector that received almost $1 billion funding in 2006. But a greater portion of this amount was used to acquire physical assets.Shankar Narayanan, the Mumbai based Managing Director of Asia Growth Capital at the Carlyle Group states Were sector agnostic. Broadly we see two investment themes One, the growth of outsourcing, whether IT, IT-enabled services, generic pharmaceuticals, clinical research, contract manufacturing, engineering and design or any other knowledge based service and two, the huge infrastructure and consumption needs this growth fuels. Most of the foreign investors are channeling funds to the Indian and Chinese market that have shown tremendous growth potential.These investors scale up the operations of the acquired firms and facilitate all-round switch that spruces up the firms processing capabilities. It is widely felt that the family owned businesses in India that have so far been conducted in an orthodox traditional managerial approach can widely benefit from the private equity funding. The financial, strategic, and managerial support provided by these private equity-investing firms can transform the companys operations to provide larger scal es of operation and world-class business outlook.The various industrial sectors comprising of financial services, manufacturing industries, construction and information technology are attracting the foreign investors to India. In the year 2006 the service sector accounted for 55% of economic growth rate while the contribution of manufacturing and industries sector was 26% and the agriculture sector accounted for 19% of the overall economic growth in India. There are basically three industry sectors that are proving highly lucrative for the private equity investors in the country. These are broadly categorized as belowHi-tech products and service sector comprising of the following segmentsInformation technology and software application developmentBusiness process outsourcing acquaintance process outsourcingDrug research and clinical research outsourcingEngineering services outsourcingSoftware and solutions related to e-commerce telecom products and related servicesThe market trend re veals that this sector will grow at approximately 22% per year during the next five years. The investment in this sector is of high value with higher rates of return.Service and retail sector that caters to the Indian domestic market needs including Retail market of expendable goodsTravel and hospitality sector (airlines, hotels)Health care (spas, hospitals)Entertainment (movie and television industry)Private education sectorThis sector is stomached to grow at approximately 19% per annum in the next five years.Products and services related to high-end manufacturing and infrastructure that includes automobiles, automotive components, electronic components, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, gems and jewellery, textiles, real estate, and construction. The growth rate of this sector is expected to reach 19% annually in the next five years.The pie chart below gives an insight into the sector wise private equity investment trend in the past three years. The financial services received the hig hest foreign private equity funding totaling US$ 277.8 million that constitutes 19.8% of the total funds invested. The total funding in this sector including the domestic investment accounted for 32%.(Source Thompson Financial)The next industry that received most funding in the private equity form was the consumer related sector totaling US$ 196.7 million. This was approximately 14% of the total foreign private equity financing. The overall financing in this sector was 23%.The Medical Health industry accounted for 16% of the total funding, with total foreign equity investment amounting to US$ 134.4 million, followed by construction accounting for 15% and the Internet related sector accounted for 14% of the total private equity investment including foreign and domestic sources.The graph below shows the breakup of domestic and foreign funds invested in the private equity market in India. As is evident from the graph the amount of foreign investment far exceeds domestic funds invested in the private equity market in India over the past five years.Private Equity investments in India breakup of foreign and domestic investment over the past five years(Source Thomson Financial)The private equity market is thriving due to the huge influx of foreign funds in the recent years. The clench of the rupee combined with a strengthening stock market and controlled pomposity rates are responsible for the huge attraction that the Indian private equity market is having for foreign investments.Among recent activities in the private equity market in India is the acquisition of Hutchinson Essar Ltd, a cellular holder by Reliance Communications facilitated by private equity players like Blackstone, Texas Pacific, and Kohlberg Kravis and Roberts with a funding of almost $10 billion.Private equity emerged as the single most largest investment segment in the year 2006 with private equity deals overtaking both foreign and domestic strategic investors. Private equity investment in Ind ia crossed the global reasonable by 20 percent of investment as a proportion of total merger and acquisition deals accounting for 28 percent of total value of deals.6. Problems Facing the Private Equity Market in IndiaThe rapid pace of economic growth in India has raised concerns regarding the stability of the economic environment. The economy poses certain risks and challenges to the emerging and developing market of private equity investment. The countrys population demographics present a confusing picture 54% of its population is below 25 years of age that works in favor of the economic growth and development. But at the equivalent time statistics reveal a large gap in income distribution. The economy is widely imbalanced in terms of income distribution. It has a large chunk of population still under the poverty lines and at the same(p) time the number of high net worth individuals is increasing.Some of the important sectors of the economy like Information Technology and IT en abled services, telecom services, airlines services and construction services are experiencing shortage of skilled labors. Most of these sectors depend heavily on the human resource for survival and growth. With rising inflation and increasing return the companies are finding it difficult to retain employees.Better pay packages are luring the skilled staff to hop companies and this has become a matter of grave concern for most organizations. Increasing attrition rates and rising issue are posing a serious challenge to existing companies and start-up business ventures. A few years back the economy was known for providing cheap and skilled labor but with rising inflation the wages have also at rest(p) up thereby increasing the cost to companies in addition to high levels of attrition.The rapid economic growth and rising GDP has resulted in increasing cost of commercial as well as residential property. The boom in real estate is reaping benefits for most landowners but the purchasing power of the people have not increased at the same rate. This might have a negative impact on the economy in the long run. The real estate prices will be forced to crash with lesser number of people being able to afford the rising prices. The crash in the real estate market will result in substantial losses for the investors.The Indian stock market is currently on a strong footage with number of companies listed in the Bombay note Exchange rising steadily. A market fluctuation might topple the stock market any time and this could lead to unspeakable losses for the investors.Foreign investments in the Indian economy in the last four years have been on the rise and this is one of the major factors contributing to the overall development and progress. short-term foreign institutional investors invested more than US$ 40 million in the country while long foreign direct investment was US$ 23 million in the last four years.The short-term investment can be pulled out in any moment of c risis and this could result in severe economic setback for the country. The rapid inflow of capital in the form of these short-term investments for purchasing equities and securities has no doubt strengthened the stock market, but an outflow of this capital will depress the stock market and cause the economy to fumble. The economy needs more of long-term foreign direct investment to energise growth.Lately the Indian rupee has appreciated by more than 10% with respect to the US dollar, 8% with respect to British pounds, 7% with respect to Euros and 11% with respect to Yen. On one hand this appreciation has benefited the economy by making imports cheaper and controlling inflation to a considerable extent. The price of crude oil has been kept in check in India due to this reason. On the other hand the valuation of exports has gone down and this has hit some of the small-scale exporters hard. Moreover the Indian goods have to compete with Chinese goods in the market that are relatively cheaper and has captured larger market share.Broadly the Indian economy presents high risks to investors in terms of possible depreciation of rupee, high inflation, policies adopted by the Indian government for further liberalization of the economy and the highly volatile nature of the Indian stock market. Since the markets present high risks to foreign investors in the Indian market, they expect higher returns as compared to investments made in other developed economies of United States and Europe. The private equity firms that invest in these developed countries for a period of five to seven years expect an average net annual return of 13% to 15%. But the private equity firms investing in India have a time frame of three to five years and expect an average net annual return of 25% to 27%.7. Future Trends in Private Equity Market in IndiaSeveral factors have contributed to the growth and rise of private equity market in India. Among these the most prominent is the stable economic and political environment of the country that has triggered economic growth and prosperity in the past few years. The Indian economy is witnessing increasing number of high net worth individuals with increasing assets. The country has a large number of family-owned businesses that present excellent opportunities for investment and growth. Most of these businesses are ever-changing their operational structure to accommodate new and better technology for higher returns. Tatas, Ambanis, Wipro (Azim Premji), Birlas, Singhs (Ranbaxy) and Bajajs are all family-run business.The Bombay Stock Exchange lists 47 companies that are partially or fully family-owned businesses with a total market capitalization of US$ 345 billion in the year 2007. The changing faces of the traditional modes of conducting business have created huge cranial orbit for investment. The existing modes of operations require re-modeling and re-structuring requires adequate investment. The family-run businesses lack effec tive management and vision to expand in the domestic and global market. The infusion of appropriate capital funds with strategic management moves and planning can create a huge difference in this type of business ventures. An investment in such companies can prove mutually beneficial for both parties. This has created a huge demand for private equity investment.Rising disposable income in the middle and higher income group has led to significant changes in their lifestyle. This has created markets for new sectors of commerce. One of the sectors affected by the changing lifestyle of these classes is the growth in domestic flight service sector. The country currently has 325 airplanes on the domestic route but this figure is projected to reach 750 by the end of 2010 that is expected to generate annual revenue of US$ 12 billion.The rise in this sector has created the need for more airline maintenance companies that are so few in numbers currently. as well as it has also created market need for airline certification companies that will certify and check the audit requirements of the airplanes and the airlines companies. This is just an illustration of how emerging economic trends have given rise to new service sectors that require financing.Similar trends are visible in the food and beverage industry sector. Rising demand for quality touch food and beverages are behind making their presence felt with changing tastes and lifestyles. The automobile industry is yet another industrial sector witnessing immense market growth potential. Finer tastes and longing for world-class cars engineered with latest technological specifications is changing the face of this industry. This sector is expected to generate revenue of US$ 165 billion by the end of the year 2016.E-commerce is yet another avenue of potential growth and development. The sector being in its nascent stages has a long way to go in the Indian market. Industries are slowly realizing the revenue and growth pot ential of this medium and are revising their existing strategies to exploit the advantages of increased market share and global outreach.The need for skilled professionals for the rising industries and opportunities presented by the growing economy has driven the educational institutes to adopt new strategies and expansion models to cater to changing market needs. More and more companies are ledger entry this sector to satisfy the growing market requirements.The real estate and hospitality service sectors are also experiencing widespread changes owing to changing lifestyle and increased disposable income. Investment in this sector needs to be carefully examined and studied since the real estate prices in India are overpriced as compared to other economies in Asia.A growth in market demand has resulted in subsequent rise in demand for capital investment. Favorable economic conditions have lured private equity investors both domestic and foreign to start operations in India. The coun trys extensive pool of skilled labors has produced excellent managerial and entrepreneurial talent who has ventured into new and promising business ventures.The private equity market in the country is still in its initial phases of development and hence promises immense scope and potential in the near future. The increasing interest of global firms in the Indian market has overcome the challenge of attracting more funds into the private equity sector. The real challenge now lies in extracting maximum value from these investments and retrieve higher gains.Government policies have raised the foreign direct investment (FDI) limit in various sectors to attract more funds. The retail sector now has 51 percent foreign investment limit while in the telecom sector the FDI limit has been raised from 49 percent to 74 percent. Absolute ownership of foreign firms is allowed in some selected infrastructure sectors like development of new airports, petroleum, mining of coal and lignite, natural g as pipelines and mining of diamonds and precious stones.8. ConclusionThe impact of private equity funding on the countrys economy has been quite significant since this financing sector has added new dimensions to the booming industrial and service sector in India. The financing alternative available to the firms has not only assisted them in upward(a) financial and market valuations but has also provided them with the necessary backing to fulfill expansion and diversification strategies to the existing line of products or services.Max Calderon, a senior partner of Apex Partners Worldwide, which is a $20 billion firm is of the opinion that the drivers of the private equity investment in the Indian market include consolidation in fragmented industries, international expansion, increasing domestic market spend, and continued growth in value added services. It is only recently that the private equity funds have adopted segmentation and specialization strategies in acquiring investment portfolios. Some of the private equity firms target early stage investment in technology or matured stage investment in manufacturing.The strengthening stock market is witnessing increased volumes of trading and this has eased the exit process for private equity funds investors. Multinational financial institutions like Citigroup Venture Capital, Barings and Westbridge Capital, Warbug Pincus and Actis Partners have taken strong interest in this emerging market. Global private equity players like Blackstone and Goldman Sachs have established permanent operations in the country to reap the benefits of this promising market.The key factor to successful operations in this market will depend largely on one sole factor the right leadership and availability of a strong team of professionals. The private equity market requires adequate managerial talent for designing effective business strategies for successful acquisitions made by the investors. It is therefore essential that the private equity firms focus on specific industry sectors to build their professional expertise and specialized areas of operations. This builds on the firms value and potential for higher rates of returns over their invested funds.The private equity firms hence not only need to look into the experience and skill sets of the professionals they hire but also need to train them on the finer aspects of the business requirements. The team of executives need to take overall responsibilities of wide-cut operations and functioning within the company and think as owners while devising strategies and business plans. An in-depth knowledge of the business and market area is an essential asset for this venture. Experienced professionals are hence much in demand and a valuable asset for this market segment.The private equity firms also need to conduct extensive and in-depth market research and analysis activity before investing in any company. The Indian economy presents a diverse and variable growth ind icators across the geographical boundaries. An understanding of the existing socio-cultural and political environment of the region helps to understand better the market and consumer behavior pattern.The investors across the globe are increasing fund allocations for the private equity market in India. It is boom time for this market segment and the trends of growth will continue over the coming years with the adoption of adequate government policies and measures to ensure a strong market performance. The private equity market is reaping benefits on the one hand from expanding into overseas market through acquisitions and on the other hand investing into private equity assets managed by global fund managers.ReferenceWhat PE firms look for in Private Companies Financial decision maker Journal from British Council, December 2007Private Equity How long can the perfect storm last? 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