Censorship: Simply Not Enough Essay -- Censorship

Not too long ago, an evening television program caught mine and my filles attention. It was a cute family comedy verging good to her bedtime. I was relaxed as we spent some quality time together, and out of nowhere I felt as if I had been punched in the face when a curse word came out of the so-called 15 year old actors mouth. Playing it cool, I glanced down at my young daughter who did not even flinch. I thought to myself, when were those words allowed to be uttered on television? Even worse, was my daughters reaction, or in this contingency non-reaction, because of desensitization or did she simply not hear it? Since then I have found myself immersed in the censorship dispute. Globally, media censors have loosened their grip importantly which have had a positive social impact, for the most part, but have they gone too far? I, for one, yearn for the mayberry days where life was simple and no one had to worry about what children were watching on TV. In 1973, Thomas Elmend orf, an emergency room physician, made a speech to the American Medical fellowship about the increase in violence behavior among young adults and its correlation to violence on TV. In it he cited that Murder is the fastest ontogeny cause of death in the United States. The annual rate of increase exceeded 100 percent between 1960 and 1974. He also goes on to explain that by the time a child graduates high school, they have spent an astonishing 18,000 hours in front of the TV, not to mention other forms of media, versus 15,000 hours in the classroom. Elmendorf also elaborates that inside those 18,000 television hours, a young adult will have witnessed 18,000 murders and countless highly detailed incidents of robbery, arson, bombings, shootings... ...All Aspects Of Tibet 45.5 (2010) 4. Academic Search Complete. Web. 14 Apr. 2012.Collins, Rebecca L.Elliott, Marc N.Berry, Sandra H.Kanouse, David E.Kunkel, DaleHunter, Sarah B.Miu, Angela. Watching Sex On Television Predicts Adolesc ent Initiation Of Sexual Behavior. Pediatrics 114.3 (2004) e280. MasterFILE Complete. Web. 19 Apr. 2012.Elmendorf, Thomas. Violence On TV. Vital Speeches Of The Day 42.24 (1976) 764. MasterFILE Complete. Web. 19 Apr. 2012.Jerome, Sara. Supreme Court Case May Dirty Down the Airwaves. CongressDaily AM 16 Nov. 2011 5. MasterFILE Complete. Web. 14 Apr. 2012.Katz, Paul. Funny $*. Entertainment Weekly 802 (2005) 23. Academic Search Complete. Web. 21 Apr. 2012.TODD PITMAN - Associated, Press. Myanmar Relaxes Grip On Media, Vows culmination To Censors. AP Top News Package (2012) Newspaper Source Plus. Web. 14 Apr. 2012.

The Inflammatory N Word :: Media Racism Essays

The Inflammatory N Word The evening of February 25, 2002 started innocuously enough. My daughter Elena is an avid fan of the goggle box receiver show, Boston Public (Fox), and she was looking forward to watching the newest episode. Because Boston Public can contain controversial subjects, I monitor the show while my kids atomic number 18 watching it. The issues addressed in a kid-friendly show turn into a good starting point for discussions with my two teenage children. The new episode non only turned out to be the epitome of controversy it was the beginning of new type of dialogue with my children. I had not intended to watch the television show Boston Public (Fox), but when I saw the topic of the show, I set aside my homework and soon became engrossed. The February 25th episode concern on the inflammatory N word (Randall Kennedy) when two boys, one vacuous and the other black, affectionately call each other n----r. Another boy, also black, objects to white person calling a bl ack person this word and a fight ensues. When the teacher discovers the reason for the altercation, he assigns the category to read n----r The Strange charge of a Troublesome Word, by Randall Kennedy. The class discussion that follows causes controversy with the administration of the school because the teacher leading the discussion is not an African-American. The show ends with the principal, who is black, teaching the class instead. After the show concluded, my daughter and I had a fiery discussion about the issues raised in the show. Elena felt it was entirely appropriate that only an African-American can teach a class on the N word. I was unhappy with the ending and felt that it would have more impact if the principal and the teacher conducted the class together. One thing both of us agreed on we had many questions and wanted more information than what a television show could mother us so we decided to purchase Mr. Kennedys book and learn more on the issue. What are the ori gins of racial slurs and why are they used? plot of land it was impossible to find the exact origins of racial slurs, it seems that through out history, there is always a history of an oppressed race or religion. Part of this onerousness has been the use of words to help the powerful remain in control. Alarmingly, some of these racial slurs have even slipped into every day language.

Childless Couples on Television Essay -- Television Media TV Esays

Childless Couples on Television Throughout the evolution of television, there have always been TV shows of unfruitful television couples, such as The Honeymooners or King of Queens. As television has changed throughout the decades, so have televisions childless couples.In the beginning of television serial with childless couples, the wife was the one that stupefyed at home, cleaned, cooked, and did the laundry. The husband was the one that make the money by going to work. Television series always portrayed women as the weaker characters. Women in the early 1950s family were weak, secondary characters, and as such were usually dominated by their husbands and their own conceptions of marriage (Hastings, 1974). Certain episodes of these shows always tried to provoke that women should stay at home. When I Love Lucy came out with a woman as the main star, they excuse had her stay at home, cooking and cleaning, but still made her seem useless. Women characters frequently were shown as less mature and less capable human-beings and their husbands often took a quasi-parental role by... Childless Couples on Television canvass -- Television Media TV EsaysChildless Couples on Television Throughout the evolution of television, there have always been TV shows of childless television couples, such as The Honeymooners or King of Queens. As television has changed throughout the decades, so have televisions childless couples.In the beginning of television series with childless couples, the wife was the one that stayed at home, cleaned, cooked, and did the laundry. The husband was the one that made the money by going to work. Television series always portrayed women as the weaker characters. Women in the early 1950s family were weak, secondary characters, and as such were usually dominated by their husbands and their own conceptions of marriage (Hastings, 1974). Certain episodes of these shows always tried to prove that women should stay at home. When I L ove Lucy came out with a woman as the main star, they still had her stay at home, cooking and cleaning, but still made her seem useless. Women characters frequently were shown as less mature and less capable human-beings and their husbands often took a quasi-parental role by...

Education and the Computer :: Teaching Education Essays

Education and the ComputerThere ar many different ways to use the computer. For Elementary Education there is a enceinte need to have computers in schools. The use of computers, technology applications and hands-on learning enables each student to tie-in your classroom objectives and make a connection to real-world applications. This methodological analysis gives each student equal access to a world of knowledge limited only by the imagination. In modern school systems, nearly every child is exposed to computers. They are asked to type things, access the Internet, and create projects, all using computers. These skills are important tools that can be used ulterior on in life.Almost daily, Children are expected to type papers and new(prenominal) projects for their teacher. This is a good way for them to get acclimated to using a computer. They are also required to take computer classes that teach them how to type correctly. The papers and projects are a good way for stude nts to practice their typing skills. Another thing that most Elementary schools have the children learn about is the Internet.Most children go to the library and the computer lab to do a project or a paper. The teacher usually teaches the students research techniques. These techniques are not just for looking up books, but can prove very valuable in finding other assorted information on the Internet too. Students can learn how to find a good credible source from all the useless toss out websites. Then they can learn how to give the original author credit for their work. This is important because if they do not learn how to get the information from the computer and the library, indeed they will have a really hard time in Middle School and racy School trying to complete research papers, and other projects. Another thing that these Elementary students need to learn is how to quickly find the answers to various questions using the Internet. For example, I was in an Element ary classroom for a High School class that I took. When we got there, the teacher asked us to help our buddy get information, find information on the Internet regarding an animal that they had previously picked. They had already read a book about their animal from the library, and they had a few generic questions that the teacher wanted them to find answers to.

That Was Then, This Is Now :: essays papers

That Was Then, This Is NowAs I grow older I find myself and my environment changing. Many things about my personality and appearance have altered greatly in the past decade. Ive observed many of these same changes in my family as hale as in my friends. Some of my likes and dislikes of certain things are the same as when I was six years old, but not all. From my love of youngsterren and every vitrine of critter to my dependency on my parents, my life has changed. From a very young age Ive always loved children. Mom, can I have a little chum and sister to play with? was a favorite question of mine. A little bit later I would learn the answer. I would eventually have both. another(prenominal) mothers often commented on my motherly instinct when it came to my younger siblings. Ive always liked the feeling of being able to comfort someone smaller than I am. As a child I loved playing dolls and house, always pretending to be the mother. Now I work at a Nursery watching over reall y children. From my love of children derived my desire to become a pediatrician. Along with my love of children is my love of animals. A new pet every week was a regular nearly the Moody House. My friends were always amazed by the array of creatures crawling around my room and shimmying up the curtains. One week Id have eight pet chickens and a guinea pig and the next it was a turtle and bunny rabbit. As I grow older I become a little slight interested in having as many pets as possible and a little more content with just the ordinary dog and my pet Iguana. wholly throughout my life I have depended on my parents. As a young child I searched eagerly in the eyes of my mom and dada for the reassurance I needed whenever I did something new. Holding tightly onto my dads hand as we crossed the street I trusted he would always take me safely across. In the same way I have always trusted they would guide me through life safely. Although I no longer hold their pass when I cross the stre et I know they are always there. Ive grown into my own person, depending more on myself rather than searching for reassurance through them.

That Was Then, This Is Now :: essays papers

That Was Then, This Is NowAs I grow older I find myself and my surroundings changing. legion(predicate) things about my personality and appearance have altered greatly in the past decade. Ive observed many of these same changes in my family as well as in my friends. Some of my likes and dislikes of certain things are the same as when I was six years old, but not all. From my wonder of children and every type of critter to my dependance on my parents, my life has changed. From a very young age Ive always loved children. Mom, can I have a little brother and babe to play with? was a favorite question of mine. A little bit later I would learn the answer. I would eventually have both. Other mothers much commented on my motherly instinct when it came to my younger siblings. Ive always liked the feeling of being able to comfort someone smaller than I am. As a child I loved playing dolls and house, always pretending to be the mother. Now I work at a Nursery watching over real childr en. From my love of children derived my desire to become a pediatrician. Along with my love of children is my love of animals. A new pet every week was a regular around the rancid House. My friends were always amazed by the array of creatures crawling around my room and shimmying up the curtains. One week Id have eight pet chickens and a guinea fowl pig and the next it was a turtle and bunny rabbit. As I grow older I become a little less raise in having as many pets as possible and a little more content with just the ordinary dog and my pet Iguana.All throughout my life I have depended on my parents. As a young child I searched eagerly in the eyes of my mom and dad for the reassurance I needed whenever I did something new. Holding tightly onto my dads hand as we crossed the street I trusted he would always take me safely across. In the same way I have always trusted they would guide me through life safely. Although I no longer hold their hands when I cross the street I know they are always there. Ive grown into my own person, depending more on myself rather than searching for reassurance through them.

Changing American Family

Changing of the American Family Throughout the years we sacrifice seen families change from time to time. Not just in the actual household, but also in the media. From the nineteen fifties to present time, we can relate to the families in the media. In the nineteen fifties everything seemed to be to a greater extent relaxed but strict at the same time. However, through the changes in time families have become a bit more chaotic at propagation and less strict. The families within the media have changed in many ways in whether it being as simple as becoming less strict or whether or non the father being in total control of the household.In the picture patterncom Father Knows Best, everything seemed like a perfect family. The mother would tarry at home and take care of the house and clean, while father would be at work and while the kids would be at train. The house would eternally be very clean and organized when the father and children would come home. The kids would never cur se or back talk their parents due to respect. Every morning the family would sit to targether and eat a healthy breakfast and every evening the father and kids would come home to a dinner prepared for the family to eat together.The warning of the American family in the nineteen fifties was more conservative. The family actually did stuff together and bonded. A few decades later, the media is still changing in time. In the television sitcom The Cosby Show, everything still seems like the perfect family to live in just a little more laid back and less strict. The family would still do stuff together, just not as often. The children would go to school during the day while some(prenominal) parents had to be at their jobs to provide for their family. When the kids would get home from school they would do their homework and then do what they wanted to do.Unlike in the sitcom Father Knows Best, the family did not always have breakfast together it was more of a find what you want to eat a nd eat it ordeal. Each night the family would not necessarily have dinner together. In an episode we watched during class, a few of the children und ace a book of the fathers and so they made him dinner to campaign to make up for their wrong doing. The family had then eaten dinner without the mother and their brother. While comparing both shows and watching them both, you can see how the relationship between two American families have changed over a period of time even though it is in the media.In present time, we can still see much growth in the media. The American family is not so conservative. In the television sitcom George Lopez, many things have changed in the media from Father Knows Best and The Cosby Show. The family in George Lopez was a more chaotic family. The children misbehaved often and the mother and father would tend to get into arguments at times. George would always try to catch his children getting in trouble when they misbehave, whether it is by confronting the m straight on, or trying to be sneaky by investigating the situation and then big(a) them later.Usually at the end of every episode, it is always shown that George loves and cares deeply for his family. The hold I am using to prolong with this essay is The American Family on Television From molly Goldberg to Bill Cosby written by Muriel G. Cantor. I felt most connected with this condition because it relates to Bill Cosby and I am using The Cosby Show in my essay. This article is about the families within the media in comedy which all three television sitcoms I am using in this essay conduct with comedy. Comedy is one of the most popular choices to watch on television.The first partitioning of the article concentrates on the background for the family life as portrayed in televisions comedies. The second section concentrates more on Molly Goldberg from the television series in the nineteen forties and then relates to Bill Cosby. The primary focus is on how gender, race, and clas s have been portrayed over time and whether the messages, issues, and themes about love and sex have changed and in what ways. After analyzing television from the nineteen fifties to present time period, the article concludes by noting that the family is not always presented as the perfect family. Family members often make fun of each other sometimes they deceive each other to get their way and often interact by putting each other down (Canter, 1991). Like in the sitcom George Lopez, the family is basically the place where one goes for support and when you need someone to be there for you. Your family provide always be there to support and help solve your problems and care for you. Throughout the media we have seen in most television shows how much families can be supporting. We have also seen how the American families have changed over the decades.In the nineteen fifties, the father role was being channelise of the household and the mother was to back him up with his every choice . If we were now to watch a television sitcom that was in the comedy genre, we would see how the mother does not sit back and let the father be head of the household. Most of the time the parenting role is equal between the mother and father now days. sometimes the mother may be in charge of the household more than the father would be. I think if you were to watch television sitcoms throughout the decades then you will be able to identify how the American family has changed in time within the media. ReferencesJames, E. (Producer). (1954, October 3). Father Knows Best. Television broadcast. Burbank, CA Warner Brothers Burbank Studios. Cosby, B. (Producer). (1984, September 20). The Cosby Show. Television broadcast. New York City, NY Carsey Warner Company. Lopez, G. (Producer). (2002, March 27). George Lopez. Television broadcast. Los Angeles, CA Warner Bros. Television. Cantor, Muriel G. (1991). The american family on television from molly goldberg to bill cosby. 22(2), Retrieved fr om http//proxy. library. iue. edu2359/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? sid=a6b2c5f6-1784-4b50-a2da-9bfef4ad923f%40sessionmgr104&vid=6&hid=107

“Leaders of our Society: Are they born or made?” Essay

The issue about attractionshiphip has always been a topic in conversation, specifically the occupy about leadership being born or do. People often talk and argue about this issue, because we have different points of view regarding this. And it is to a fault because the concept of a leader and leadership is important to pot. As discussed in the psychology of leadership (http//www. leadersdirect.com), leaders argon important to hoi polloi probably cod to the following reasons we feel the need of someone to look up to when we feel lost or anxious, when things fail or do not go as planned we visualizek to blame the leaders, we look at leaders like our fathers who look after us, gives us inspiration and makes us feel good, and we seek for their approval. This are some of the reasons why see leaders important in our society, and because of this reasons we always seek the answer to the question Are leaders born or made? Some leadership theories would argue that leaders are born not made.The Great Man theories assumes that the leadership subject of a person is inherent (Kendra cutting edge Wagner, About. com). These theories view leadership as a heroic and mythic concept and that the born leaders assume the position when needed by the people. Similar to the great man theories the Trait theories likewise assume that leaders possess certain trait or qualities needed to be one. But one problem that theorists see about the trait theories is that it has identified the characteristics that leaders have and the question about this is how about the people possessing the characteristics but are not leaders? (Kendra Van Wagner, About. com). other(a) theories such as the Behavioral theories, on the other hand, suggest that great leaders are made and not born. This type of theories discusses that through education people can learn to be leaders. According to Wagner in leadinghip Theories 8 Major Leadership Theories, (About. com), behavioral leadership theories focu s on the actions of great leaders and not on mental qualities of these people. Today the issue of leaders being born or made is not as essential in regulate our views for us to be able to tell who the leaders are and who are not.It is not important who had leadership abilities since birth and who learned being a leader from experience, whats important is that these leaders exist and take on the responsibility to step up and lead people. If we come to think of it, a more arranged perspective would be, leaders are sort of born and made. One thing that a future leader probably needs to born with is the intelligence (Block, 2006). In order to be fit as a person who will take this responsibility one has to be smart enough.Leaders are expect to have that special skill and ability to do what they are assigned and to understand the areas where they need to improve in as well as the capacity to think of how he or she will be effective given different situations. People who would become gre at leaders are also judge to be able to recognize learning as an important factor in shaping ones leadership abilities. Furthermore, leaders are also made in the sense that they constantly learn things in the process.Being born with the skill is important but still eighty percent of their leaders skills is acquired from learning experience. They improve their craft through using feedbacks from his or her environment, and also through seeking more training where they can acquire additional skills and intimacy on what they do. Some of the leaders we know today possess this kind of abilities and intelligence, such as the president of the Arab Republic of Egypt, Hosni Mubarak, Osama Bin Laden, as well as the western leaders Tony Blair, Rudy Guiliani and former US president George W. Bush Jr (http//en.wikipedia. org). All of these people have been able to become leaders not because they were born to be one, but because they used the gift they were born with and improved their leadershi p skills through learning. People have been debating on this issue for a long time, not withal long ago people had their definitions of a leader and have described the nature of leadership. These definitions have helped in shaping our concept of leadership today that people who are born with the intelligence of a future leader should also learn through the process to achieve that leadership title.Works Cited Bock, Wally. Are Leaders Born or Made? (2006). June 3, 2009 . Gerstel, Judy. The Psychology of Leadership. (2001). June 3, 2009 . McCrimmon, Mitch. Leadership in the Mind the Psychology of Leadership. leadersdirect. com. June 3, 2009. . Wagner, Kendra Van. Leadership Theories 8 Major Leadership Theories. June 3, 2009 .

Relating to Teaching Personnel Essay

Providing for the professionalization of teachers, regulating their practice in the Philippines and for other purposes Whereas, the constitution provides that all educational institutions shall be under the supervision of and opened to regulation by, the state, and requires that the state shall establish and maintain a complete, adequate and integrated system of education relevant to the goals of national development Whereas, in the chase on these objectives, the department of education and culture has adopted ways and means of overseeing all the educational institutions in the country Whereas, in recognition of the vital map of teachers in nation-building and as an incentive to raise the morale of teachers, it is imperative that they be considered as professionals and teaching be recognized as a profession.Now, therefore, i, Ferdinand e. Marcos, president of the Philippines, by virtue of the powers vested in me by the constitution, do hereby decree and order surgical incision 1. Title. this decree shall be known as the decree professionalizing teaching. Section 2. solvent of policy. it is hereby declared a policy that teacher education shall be given primary concern and attention by the government and shall be of the highest quality, and powerfully oriented to Philippine conditions and to the needs and aspirations of the Filipino people even as it seeks enrichment from adoptable ideas and practices of other people. Section 3.Definition of terms. as used in this decree, the pursuance shall be construed as follows (a) teaching refers to the profession primarily concerned with the classroom instruction, at the elementary and secondary levels, in accordance with the curriculum prescribed by national board of education, whether on part-time or full-time basis in the public or private schools. b) teachers refers to all persons engaged in teaching at the elementary and secondary levels, whether on a full-time or part-time basis, (c) board refers to the nation al board for teachers duly constituted under this decree. Section 4. Creation of the national board for teachers. there is hereby created a national board for teachers, hereinafter called the board, to be composed of the Section 5. Powers and duties. the board shall have the sideline powers and duties Section 19. Effectivity. this decree shall take effect january 1, 1977. Done in the city of manila, this 22nd day of september, in the year of our lord, nineteen hundred and seventy-six.

The Short Second Life of Bree Tanner Chapters 7

The house was a big, log cabin?Cstyle affair, tucked into a hol ow in the pines with no sign of any neighbors for miles around. Al the windows were black, as if the place were empty, but the whole frame was trembling from the heavy bass in the basement.Diego went in first, and I tried to move behind him like he was Kevin or Raoul. Hesitant, protecting my space. He found the stairs and charged down with a confident tread.Trying to lose me, losers? he asked.Oh, hey, Diegos alive, I perceive Kevin say with a distinct lack of enthusiasm.No thanks to you, Diego said as I slipped into the dark basement. The only light came from the various TV screens, but it was delegacy more than any of us needed. I hurried prickle to where Fred had a whole couch to himself, glad that it was right for me to look anxious because there was no way to hide it. I swal owed hard as the revulsion hit, and curled up in my usual spot on the floor behind the couch. erst I was down, Freds repel ent power seemed to ease up. Or maybe I was just now acquire used to it.The basement was more than half empty since it was the inwardness of the night. Al the kids in here had eyeball the same as mine bright, recently fed red.Took me a while to clean up your stupid mess, Diego told Kevin. It was near dawn by the time I got to what was left of the house. Had to sit in a cave fil ed with water al day.Go tattle to Riley. Whatever.I see the little girl made it, too, said a new voice, and I shuddered because it was Raoul. I felt a little bit of relief that he didnt hold up my name, but mostly I just felt horrified that hed noticed me at al .Yeah, she fol owed me. I couldnt see Diego, but I knew he was shrugging.Arent you the savior of the hour? Raoul said snidely.We dont wank extra points for being morons.I wished Diego wouldnt taunt Raoul. I hoped Riley would bugger off back soon. Only Riley could curb Raoul even the littlest bit. moreover Riley was probably out hunting dregs kids to bring to her. Or doing whatever else he did while he was away.Interesting attitude you got, Diego. You think that Riley likes you so practically hes gonna contend if I kil you. I think youre wrong. But either way, for tonight, he already thinks youre dead.I could visualise the others moving. Some probably to back Raoul up, others just maketing out of the way. I hesitated in my hiding spot, knowing I wasnt going to let Diego fight them alone, but worried well-nigh blowing our cover if it didnt come to that. I hoped Diego had survived this long because he had almost crazy combat skil s. I wasnt going to seduce much to offer in that department. There were three members of Raouls gang here, and some others that might help out just to get on his broad(a) post. Would Riley get home before they had time to burn us?Diegos voice was still when he answered. Youre real y that afraid to gravel me on alone? Typical.Raoul snorted. Does that ever work? I mean, besides in movies. why should I take you on alone? I dont care about beating you. I just want to end you.I rol ed into a crouch, tensed to spring.Raoul unplowed talking. He liked the sound of his own voice a lot.But its not gonna take al of us to deal with you. These two wil take care of the other evidence of your unfortunate survival. Little whats-her-name.My body felt icy, frozen solid. I tried to shake it off so I could fight my best. not that it would withdraw made a difference. And then I felt something else, something total y unexpected a wave of revulsion so overpowering that I couldnt hold my crouch. I crumpled to the floor, gasping with horror. I was not the only one to react. I heard disgusted snarls and retching sounds from every corner of the basement. A few mountain retreated to the edges of the room, where I could see them. They strained against the wal, stretching their necks away as if they could escape the horrible feeling. At least one of these was a member of Raouls gang.I heard Raouls distinctiv e growl, and then heard it fade as he took off up the stairs. He wasnt the only one to make a match for it. About half of the vampires in the basement cleared out.I didnt have that choice. I could barely move. And then I realized this had to be because I was so confining to Freaky Fred. He was responsible for what was happening. And as horrible as I felt, I was stil able to realize that hed probably just saved my life.Why?The sensation of disgust faded slowly. As soon as I could, I crept to the edge of the couch and took in the aftermath. Al of Raouls gang was gone, but Diego was stil there, on the far end of the big room by the TVs. The vampires who remained were slowly relaxing, though everybody looked a little shaken. Most of them were shooting cautious glances in Freds direction. I peeked at the back of his head, too, though I couldnt see anything. I looked away quickly. Looking at Fred brought back some of the nausea.Keep it down.The deep voice came from Fred. Id never heard him speak before. Everyone stared and then looked away immediately as the revulsion returned.So Fred just wanted his peace and quiet. Wel, whatever. I was alive because of it. Most likely Raoul would get distracted by some other irritant before dawn and take out his anger on somebody close by. And Riley evermore came back at the end of the night. He would hear that Diego had been in his cave rather than outside and destroyed by the sun, and Raoul wouldnt have an excuse to attack him or me.At least, that was the best-case scenario. In the meantime, maybe Diego and I could come up with some plan to steer clear of Raoul.Again, I had a fleeting sense that I was wanting an obvious solution. Before I could figure it out, my thoughts were interrupted.Sorry.The deep, almost silent mutter could only have come from Fred. It looked like I was the only one close adequacy to real y hear. Was he talking to me?I looked at him again and felt nothing. I couldnt see his face he had his back to me stil . He had thick, wavy blond hair. Id never noticed that before, not with al the days Id sat hiding in his shadow. Riley wasnt kidding when hed said that Fred was special. Gross, but real y special. Did Riley have any idea that Fred was so so powerful? He was able to overwhelm a whole room of us in a second. though I couldnt see his expression, I had the sense that Fred was waiting for an answer.Um, dont apologize, I breathed almost silently. Thank you.Fred shrugged.And then I found I couldnt look at him anymore. The hours passed slower than usual as I waited for Raoul to come back. From time to time I tried to look at Fred again to see past the security hed created for himself but I always found myself repel ed. If I tried too hard, I ended up gagging. Thinking about Fred was a good distraction from thinking about Diego. I tried to pretend I didnt care where he was in the room. I didnt look at him but focus on the sound of his breathing his distinct rhythm to keep tabs. H e sat on the other side of the room from me, listening to his CDs on a laptop. Or maybe pretending to listen, the way I was pretending to read the books from the damp backpack on my shoulders. I flipped pages at my usual rate, but I didnt take anything in. I was waiting for Raoul.Luckily, Riley came first. Raoul and his cohorts were right behind him, but not as loud and obnoxious as usual. Maybe Fred had taught them a little respect. believably not, though. More likely Fred had just angered them. I real y hoped Fred never let his guard slip. Riley went to Diego right away I listened with my back to them, eyes on my book. In my peripheral vision, I saw some of Raouls idiots wandering, face for their favorite games or whatever theyd been doing before Fred had driven them out. Kevin was one of them, but he seemed to be looking for something more specific than entertainment. Several times his eyes tried to focus on where I was sitting, but Freds aura kept him at bay. He gave up after a few minutes, looking a little sick.I heard you made it back, Riley said, sounding genuinely pleased. I weed always count on you, Diego.No problem, Diego said in a relaxed voice. Unless you count holding my breath al day as a negative.Riley laughed. Dont deoxidise it so close next time. Set a better example for the babies.Diego just laughed with him. From the corner of my eye, it seemed like Kevin relaxed some. Was he real y that worried about Diego getting him in trouble? Maybe Riley listened to Diego more than I realized. I wondered whether that was why Raoul had gotten crazy before.Was it a good thing if Diego was that in with Riley after al ?Maybe Riley was okay. That relationship didnt compromise what we had, did it?Time didnt pass any faster after the sun was up. It was crowded and unstable in the basement, like every day. If vampires could get hoarse, Riley would have lost his voice entirely from the yel ing. A couple of kids temporarily lost limbs, but nobody got torched. The music warred with the game tracks, and I was glad I didnt get headaches. I tried reading my books, but I ended up just flipping by means of one after the other, not caring enough to make my eyes focus on the words. I left them in a neat stack by the end of the couch for Fred. I always left my books for him, though I never could tel whether he read them. Couldnt look at him closely enough to see what, exactly, he did with his time.At least Raoul never looked my way. Neither did Kevin or any of the others. My hiding place was as effective as ever. I couldnt see if Diego was smart enough to ignore me, because I was ignoring him so thoroughly. No one could suspect that we were a team, except maybe Fred. Had Fred been paying attention as I prepared to fight alongside Diego? Even if he had, I didnt worry too much about it. If Fred felt any particular il wil toward me, he could have let me die last night. Would have been easy.It got louder as the sun started to go down. We couldnt see the light fading here underground, with al of the windows upstairs covered just in case. But waiting through so many long days gave you a good sense for when one was almost over. Kids started getting antsy, bugging Riley about whether they could go out.Kristie, you were out last night, Riley said, and you could hear the patience wearing thin in his voice. Heather, Jim, Logan go ahead. Warren, your eyes are dark, go along with them. Hey, Sara, Im not blind get back here.The kids he chuck out down sulked in the corners, some of them waiting for Riley to leave so they could sneak out in spite of his rules.Um, Fred, must be about your turn, Riley said, not looking in our direction. I heard Fred sigh as he got to his feet. Everyone cringed as he moved through the center of the room, even Riley. But unlike the others, Riley smiled a little to himself. He liked his vampire with skil s.I felt naked with Fred gone. Anyone could focus on me now. I held perfectly stil, head down, doing eve rything in my power not to cal attention to myself.Lucky for me, Riley was in a hurry tonight. He barely paused to glare at the people who were clearly edging for the door, let alone queer them, as he headed out himself. Normal y hed give us some variant on the usual speech about keeping a low profile, but not tonight. He seemed preoccupied, anxious. Id have bet he was going to see her. That made me less excited about catching up with him at dawn.I waited for Kristie and three of her usual companions to head out, and I slipped out in their wake, trying to look like part of the entourage without irritating them. I didnt look at Raoul, I didnt look at Diego. I concentrated on seeming inconsequential no one to notice. Just some stochastic vampire chick. Once we were out of the house, I split off from Kristie immediately and beat it into the woods. I hoped only Diego would care enough to fol ow my scent. Halfway up the side of the nearest mountain, I made my perch in the top branches of a big spruce that cleared its neighbors by several meters. I had a slightly good view of anyone who might try to track me. Turns out I was being overcautious. Maybe Id been too cautious al day. Diego was the only one to come looking. I saw him from a distance and backtracked to meet him.Long day, he said, giving me a hug. Your plan is hard.I hugged him back, marveling at how comfortable this was.Maybe Im just being paranoid.Sorry about Raoul. That was close.I nodded. Good thing Fred is so disgusting.I wonder if Riley knows how potent that kid is.Doubt it. Ive never seen him do that before, and I spend a lot of time around him.Wel, thats Freaky Freds business. We have our own secret to tel Riley.I shuddered. Stil not sure thats a good idea.We wont know until we see how Riley reacts.I dont real y like not knowing, as a general rule.Diegos eyes narrowed speculatively. How do you feel about attempt?Depends.Wel, I was thinking about club priorities. You know, about finding out as m uch as we can.And?

A Balanced Curriculum: Standards and Assessments for High Performance

The article of David Squires and Angelique Arrington entitled A match Curriculum Standards and Assessments for High Performance, presented a conversation-style elaboration of the said topic enabling the readers to have a better understanding of the points from the different perspectives of the people involved in the process.The article basically accentuate on how two teachers and a principal discussed their political platform and the methods they utilize in educating the students through lectures and activities and what needs to be improved for the students better performance in field tests (Squires & Arrington, 1999). In analyzing this article, both its positive and negative implications are taken into consideration.The authors basically asserted that after observing a development program introduced in a specific school, pursuing the next step would be to examine the curriculum of the school. In doing so, the discussants will be open to have an overview of how the school is ba lancing, aligning and assessing their programs to support prepare the students for state exams.Squires and Arrington asserted that pursuing a equilibrate curriculum will help children develop their skills and meet their needs to participate in the society.To be able to achieve a balanced curriculum, teachers and administrators attend a series of workshops wherein the said strategy is elaborated and simulated.Then, after the realization of the importance of having a balanced curriculum, these people makes an effort to align their planned curriculum with national and state standards involving a series of modifications and compromises to their own standards (Squires & Arrington, 1999).The balancing process also involves the assessment of the curriculum in two ways the performance and the format assessments. These two methods were designed to see both the understanding and application of concepts by the students. It is through this last step that the decision-makers examine if they we re able to balance their curriculum or not and fix those programs that are not able to complement their expectations.As stated earlier, the article poses some strengths and weaknesses. For its strengths, in pursuing a balanced curriculum, the teachers and administrators will find it easier to teach their students while at the same time having an assurance that the students understand the lessons and will be able to integrate such learning in their following years.Moreover, the students will also find it easier to relate to the lessons with an application of the concepts and have a higher chance of playing well in the national exams with the improved preparations made.On the contrary, applying a balanced curriculum requires a lot of work and policy-making skills particularly since it involves the process of aligning and assessments. In addition to that, a great amount of effort is needed in aligning ones curriculum to the national standards and framework.To be able to enhance the p ositive manifestations of a balanced curriculum and to be able to transform the weaknesses to something beneficial for the teachers, the decision-makers should really be consistent and eager in pursuing their desired curriculum especially since it requires a lot of studies and thinking. Moreover, the involved people especially the teachers should continue to have a drive in enhancing their curriculum for the welfare of their students.Lastly, looking back at the article of Squires and Arrington, it is observably an essential and critical study in the development of the teaching methods of teachers and their standards. It is also very important as a basis for otherwise researchers in developing the curriculum utilized by instructors and how the students will be able to cover everything they need for a specific grade level.ReferencesSquires, D.A. & Arrington, A. (1999). A Balanced Curriculum Standards and Assessments for High Performance. Teachers College Columbia University.

Etourism – “Global Distribution Systems †Going, Going, Gone”

world(prenominal) Distri moreoverion administrations Going, Going, Gone? Table of Contents Introduction2 Timeline3 Airline arriere pensee System3 Computer Reservation Systems (CRS)3 Global distribution Systems (GDS)4 Who uses GDSs? 5 GDS with the geezerhood5 The Future of GDS6 What should they do? 6 What is the power of the international distribution musical arrangement in todays traveling agencies? 6 The meshing7 Conclusion8 References9 Books9 Articles9 Websites9 Introduction GDS Going, going, gone? well(p), certainly Global Distribution Systems have been going for a while but are they yet gone?This paper is on the history, present metre and the questionable future day of Global Distribution System (GDS). Firstly I go finished each stage of their timeline Airline Reservation Systems began in the 1960s and is a computerized governance is designed to control flight inventory, maintain flight schedules, seat assignments and aircraft loading. Its used to store and retrieve information and political machinery out transactions associated to whatever air travel. The modern airline reservation system is comprehensive suite of fruits to provide a system that assists with a variety of airline management tasks and ervice client needs from the time of initial reservation through completion of the flight. Computer Reservations Systems (CRS) began in the 1970s. These types of systems charge other travel suppliers for the right to market their products and operates through these systems. The computer reservation systems are completely keyboard driven and you must learn the formats in order to operate it efficiently. The web based booking engines are the diaphragm and click environment. Travel Agent homework Centre, (2011). Global Distribution Systems (GDS) began in the 1980s and refer to the booking tool travel agents use when making an air, hotel, car or other travel service booking. They provide pricing, availability and reservation functional ity to umteen online travel agencies. T here are currently four major GDS systems 1. Amadeus 2. Galileo 3. cavalry sword 4. Worldspan Hotel-ICT, (2011) The meshing has become the main gross sales channel and customer interface for cheap airlines because of its efficiency and cost-effectiveness. Timeline The timeline stages of CRS/GDS according to Werthner &type A Klein (1999), is as follows Time1965197519851995 SystemAirline ReservationCRSGDS Global Travel & FocusSystem Tourism culture Airline Reservation System Airline Reservation System was one of the earliest modifications to improve on efficiency. Its a reasonably simple standalone system that controls flight inventory, maintains flight schedules, seat assignments and aircraft loading. It provides a system that assists with a variety of airline management tasks and service customer needs from the time of initial reservation through completion of the flight. Videcom, (2006). ARS contain airline schedules, fare tariffs, passenger reservations and ticket records. Airline Reservations Systems sooner or later evolved into Computer Reservation Systems (CRS). Computer Reservation Systems (CRS) A Computer Reservation System (CRS) is a computerized system for saving and retrieving information when needed related to air travel. CRS were created and used by airlines and at a later point they were finally used in incumbranceism intermediaries like travel agencies. marcelvacek. logspot (2010) An airlines direct distribution works within their have got reservation system, as well as pushing out information to the GDS. The second type of direct distribution channels are consumers who use the meshing or mobile applications to make their own reservations. Travel agencies and other indirect distribution channels access the same GDS as those accessed by the airlines reservation systems Well known CRS operations that book and sell tickets for multiple airlines are known as global distribution systems (GDS).Airl ines have separated well-nigh of their direct holdings to apply GDS companies, who make their systems available to consumers through Internet gateways. Modern GDSs naturally allow consumers to book hotel way of lifes and rental cars as well as airline tickets. As well they provide access to railway reservations in some markets although these are not always integrated with the main system. CRS and GDS seem to have the same functions but the major difference between these two systems is that CRS only provide information about airlines whereas by apply GDS you can reserve a ticket, a room in a hotel and also a rental car.This is why they are called Global Distribution Systems because you can use GDS to reserve basically everything. Global Distribution Systems (GDS) The term GDS (Global Distribution System) describes a network of one or more CRS for distributing product offers and functionalities of the participating networks in different countries of the world. In addition to the airline product also other products such as accommodation, car rentals, cruises, or tour operator products are included. Werthner & Klein (1999) Today the travel marketplace is a global arena with hundreds of thousands of buyers (travel agents) and sellers (hotels, resorts, airlines, car rental companies) working together to reserve and deliver the services to the buyer the traveller. Increasingly Global Distribution System is known for a Global Electronic System, which connects users and suppliers. GDS offer instant access to the suppliers information (i. e. hotels) with immediate function. Many main web portals are also associated toGDS, including Expedia. com, Orbitz. om, Travelocity. com and priceline. com to name a few. For many years the GDSs had a dominant position in the travel industry. To avoid the GDS and avoid high GDS fees, airlines have started to distribute flights directly from their websites. Another possibility to bypass the GDS is direct connections to the Tr avel Agencies. According to ITSA there are currently four main GDS companies in operation, these are Amadeus, Galileo, Sabre and Worldspan. These are by far the most(prenominal) used systems, comprising the abundant majority of the global bookings in the GDS industry. The Global Distribution Systems (GDSs), a development from the Computer Reservation Systems (CRSs), were for a long time the most primal distribution channel for airlines. They were effectively developed as travel supermarkets in the pre-Internet era and their primary objective was to connect travel agencies with airlines (Buhalis, 2004). GDSs are quench a vital element in the light of the huge variety of tariffs to be administered. GDSs are the main link between airlines and intermediaries, such as tour operators and travel agents.They are also empowering Internet transactions by providing the background link between electronic travel agencies and airlines. (Egger amp Buhalis, 2008) There is one downside of using GDS and it is the fact that it costs airlines money to go through a GDS process. Airlines complain that the prices are too high and therefore some poorer airlines have decided to erect their best offers by using their own websites instead of the global distribution system so that they do not go bankrupt. CRSs (Computer Reservation Systems) and GDSs were the most important facilities of change in the tourism industry before the arrival of the Internet, as they were established as a comprehensive travel marketing and distribution system and were often called travel supermarkets. The need for GDSs arises from both the demand and supply sides as well as from the expansion of the tourism industry in recent decades. (Buhalis,2003. ) Who uses GDSs? A majority of travel agents ( general) and travel websites use the Global Distribution System (GDS) to book their air, hotel and car reservations. There are currently over 600,000 travel agents worldwide who have access toGDS. On top of that, there are hundreds of thousands of web portals that useGDSto provide information on hotels, airlines, car rentals,etc. According to 1Hotelsolution, (2009). GDS Through the years There have been 3 stages of evolution the first reservation system was called an Airline Reservation system, the second a Computer Reservation System (CRS) and the third evolution is todays Global Distribution System (GDS). The establishment of the Computer Reservation Systems (CRSs) in the 1970s and Global Distribution Systems (GDSs) in the 1980s, followed by the development of the Internet in the late 1990s, have transformed the best operational and strategic practices in the industry dramatically. Buhalis amp Laws (2008) The big winners here are the airlines, followed by the GDSs. The carriers major concern was to overhaul their distribution economics and they did that reducing the fees they pay the GDSs by about 33 per cent per segment.And the airlines, with assistance from the GDSs, did it on the b acks of travel agencies. Travel agencies bear about 80 per cent of that reduced airline payment to GDSs through the incentive cuts the agencies agreed to, while the GDSs foot about 20 per cent of the lost revenue themselves. With travel agencies already under financial pressure, the 80-cents incentive cut they agreed to could mean the difference between kale and loss, survival and bankruptcy, according to the article Airlines the big winners in the GDS wars Schaal (2006). For the amount of contestable market share is limited given high load factors. Worse this is not going to get any better due to the constraints on supply due to the high price of fuel. Ifwe look at the market share of the 3 major alliances they now occupy more than 50% of total avocation. When you then remove the Low Cost carriers out of the loop as they dont participate in the GDSs the amount of objective traffic unaligned falls significantly. Perhaps for this reason we see tralatitious unaligned airlines like Virgin Atlantic starting to estimate their options seriously. 4Hoteliers, (2011). The Future of GDS Over the last 10 years, the Internet has proved to be a polarly successful platform for selling travel, appealing to a vast group of suppliers. According to Breaking Travel News (2004), the add together of travellers booking airline tickets, hotel rooms and other travel services online continues to grow. The GDSs were actually among the first e-commerce companies in the world as early as mid 1970s. Earlier before the beginning of the GDS, travel agents spent huge amounts of time manually entering reservations.The airlines bring in that at this point they could make travel agents more productive and essentially re-invent them as an extension of the airlines sales force. It is these original legacy GDSs that provide the strength to the Internet Travel distribution. While online commerce was growing at a fast pace, agents are more and more facing a newfound reality whereby customer s are finding the cheapest fares for themselves on the Internet. The airlines can no longer afford to put fare content through GDSs and are complaining that the prices are too high.The low-cost airlines have added to this pressure, having found an alternative form of distribution that bypasses the GDSs, as stated by Breaking News Travel, (2004). In an attempt to cut their own costs, traditional airlines have started to make their best fares available on their own websites alone. Although GDSs are still a very useful distribution tool, at this stage it is crucial that they reduce their distribution costs in order to restore profitability and ensure the airlines survival (none of the GDSs are now owned by airlines). This is no dubiousness leading to the volume of the GDS transactions diminishing.What should they do? Moving into a de-regulatory environment volition change the rules for GDSs, meaning a shift in focus creating new opportunities. They really need to concentrate on value , content and pricing as priorities in moving ahead. They should also re-evaluate their costs and agent incentives. British Airways (BA) has recently negotiated a deal with Amadeus, Sabre and Galileo, which gives them full access to BAs fares as indicated by Breaking Travel News, (2004). What is the role of the global distribution system in todays travel agencies?With the dramatic expansion of the Internet and the proliferation of new sources offering bookable travel content, GDSs are still the primary, most comprehensive and authentic platform for travel agencies and their corporate clients to access, shop and book travel. It is also through GDSs and their rich portfolios of travel planning and management tools those agencies and corporations reconcile and manage daily travel business. Due to their range, extent and supplier relationships, GDSs are also fundamental to the supply of travel products to retailers in the online channel according to Travelport, (2011). The InternetThe Internet has become the main sales channel and customer interface for low-cost airlines because of its efficiency and cost-effectiveness. The most recent stage of distribution system increase happened in the mid-1990s and counterparts the fast growth of the Internet and its widespread penetration into households by the end of the decade. The internet gave rise to alternative booking channels. Instead of going to the travel agent to pick up brochures, customers will request details of holidays over the Internet and watch video pictures of the accommodation before booking with the swipe of a credit card. Morgan, (1996). Airlines have a number of options for Internet distribution including airline-owned websites, alliance sites, electronic intermediaries and other forms of sales including electronic auctioning of unsold seats. A major advantage of these types of services is the ability to offer 24-hour, 7-days-a-week service that in the near future will include bookings via cellular p hones using Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) technology. Buhalis & Laws, (2001). By combining the simple protocol of the Internet with a user-friendly interface it represents the main vehicle for creating a worldwide electronic community, integrating research institutes, underground companies, public organizations and, most important, private households. Werthner & Klein, (1999). Conclusion The questions are if there is a concentration of power in the hands of the airlines and the intermediaries, is there really a need for a neutral distribution system? What if there was no GDS? If this were the case would the prices of the products go down or stay the same?From the research in this paper I think that GDS today is costing us more. As 4Hoteliers stated previously in the paper, the market share of the 3 major alliances they now occupy more than 50% of total traffic. When the Low Cost carriers are removed out of the loop they dont take part in the GDSs the amount of neut ral traffic not united falls considerably. I would agree that the GDS has over time restrained competition and indeed cost the consumer more. GDS Going, going, gone? They did indeed lasted many, many years but yes I believe they are on their way out.A new generation of people are coming in with more knowledge about technology than the last. They have more of a grasp about computers and the workings of the Internet therefore they will not need GDS, thus, will not need to use travel agencies who are the main users of GDS to book their air, hotel and car reservations. Once travel agencies are out, Global Distribution Systems will no longer be needed. They are soon to be gone. References Books * Buhalis, D (2003). eTourism. Harlow, England Pearson Education Limited. P93-94. * Buhalis, D. & Laws, E. (2001).Tourism Distribution Channels-Practices, Issues & Transformations. Cornwall, UK TJI Digital. P221 * Egger, R. & Buhalis, D. (2008). eTourism Case Studies. Oxford Butterworth- Heinemann P264 * Morgan, M. (1996). Marketing for Leisure and Tourism. Hertforshire, UK Prentice Hall. P263 * Werthner, H. & Klein, S. (1999). Information Technology and Tourism A Challenging Relationship. Austria Springer-Verlag Wien. P79 * Werthner, H. & Klein, S. (1999). Information Technology and Tourism A Challenging Relationship. Austria Springer-Verlag Wien.P185 * Werthner, H. & Klein, S. (1999). Information Technology and Tourism A Challenging Relationship. Austria Springer-Verlag Wien. P188 Articles * Breaking Travel News (2004) The Future of the GDS. Available from http//www. breakingtravelnews. com/news/article/btn20040216144254916/ accessed 8th Oct 2011 * Buhalis, D. & Laws, E. (2008) fare in Tourism Management Progress in information technology and tourism management 20 years on and 10 years after the InternetThe state of eTourism research. Available from http//www. loredirect. om/science/article/pii/S0261517708000162 accessed 7th Oct 2011 * Schaal, D. (2006) Airlines the big winners in the GDS wars in International News. Available from http//0-web. ebscohost. com. ditlib. dit. ie/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? vid=5&hid=8&sid=562024d9-8116-4049-8ab3-6bb0295294dd%40sessionmgr13 Accessed 7th Oct 2011 Websites * Hotel-ITC, (2011). GDS (Global Distribution System) unite to the world. Available from http//hotel-ict. blogspot. com/2011/04/gds-global-distribution-system-connect. html Accessed 8th Oct 2011 (Image) * ITSA GDSs and LTDs http//www. nteractivetravel. org/IndustryBackground/Attachments/GDSs_and_LTDs_FAQs. pdf accessed 8th Oct * Marcelvacek. blogspot, (2010). Tourism & Hospitality Business Applications. Available from http//marcelvacek. blogspot. com/2010/10/what-is-crs-and-gds. html accessed 7th Oct 2011 * Travel Agent Training Centre, (2011). Computer Reservation System Training Available from http//www. travelagenttrainingcenter. com/Computer%20Reservation%20System%20Training. htm accessed 8 Oct * Travelport, (2011) . What do travel agents

Factors Affecting Climate

Factors Affecting Climate There are many different factors that affect climate around the world. The more or slight important factors are- Distance From The Sea Ocean Currents focalisation of Prevailing Winds Relief Proximity To The Equator The El Nino Phenomenon Recently, it has been accepted that human activity is likewise affect climate. Distance From The Sea (Continentality) The sea affects the climate of a place. Coastal areas are aplomber and wetter than inland areas. Clouds form when warm air from inland areas meets cool air from the sea. The sum total of continents are subject to a large range of temperatures.In the summer, temperatures can bevery hot and dry as moisture from the sea evaporates before it reaches the centre of the continent. Ocean Currents The Ocean Currents of the World http//www. itl. net cean currents can increase or reduce temperatures. The diagram to the left shows the ocean currents of the world. The main ocean current that affects the UK is the disconnectedness Stream. Can you see where the gulf stream is? The disconnection Stream is a warm ocean current in the North Atlantic flowing from the Gulf of Mexico, northeast along the U. S coast, and from there to the British Isles.The Gulf of Mexico has higher air temperatures than Britain as its closer to the equator. This means that the air coming from the Gulf of Mexico to Britain is also warm. However, the air is also quite moist as it travels over the Atlantic ocean. This is one reason why Britain often receives wet weather. The Gulf Stream keeps the westbound coast of Europe free from ice in the winter and, in the summer warmer than other places of a similar latitude. The chart below was the offshoot chart drawn of the Gulf Stream. It was drawn by Benjamin Franklin in 1770.The Gulf Stream As Drawn By Benjamin Franklin http//www. cnmoc. navy. mil. educate Direction of Prevailing Winds Winds that blow from the sea often bring rain to the coast and dry weather to inland a reas. Winds that blow to Britain from warm inland areas such as Africa will be warm and dry. Winds that blow to Britain from inland areas such as the Netherlands will be cold and dry in winter. Britains prevailing winds come from a south westerly direction over the Atlantic. The winds are cool in the summer and mild in the winter. Relief Climate can be abnormal by mountains.Mountains receive more rainfall than low lying areas because the temperature on top of mountains is lower than the temperature at sea level. That is why you often see speed of light on the top of mountains all year round. The higher the place is above sea level the colder it will be. This happens because as altitude increases, air becomes thinner and is less able to absorb and retain heat. Proximity To The Equator The proximity to the equator affects the climate of a place. The equator receives the more sunlight than anywhere else on earth. This is due to its position in social intercourse to the sun (see righ t).The diagram shows that the equator is hotter because the sun has less area to heat. It is tank at the north and south poles as the sun has more area to heat up. It is cooler as the heat is spread over a wider area. The Earths Position in Relation to the Sun http//www. itl. net El Nino El Nino, which affects wind and rainfall patterns, has been goddamn for droughts and floods in countries around the Pacific Rim. El Nino refers to the irregular warming of surface water in the Pacific. The warmer water pumps energy and moisture into the atmosphere, altering world(prenominal) wind and rainfall patterns.The phenomenon has caused tornadoes in Florida, smog in Indonesia, and forest fires in Brazil (see below) Devastation Caused by a El Nino-generated tornado in Florida http//news. bbc. co. uk smogginess In Indonesia http//news. bbc. co. uk El Nino Causes Forest Fires in Brazil http//news. bbc. co. uk Human Influence The factors above affect the climate naturally. However, we cannot f orget the influence of humans on our climate. We fuddle been affecting the climate since we appeared on this earth millions of years ago. In those times, the affect on the climate was small.Trees were cut down to provide wood for fires. Trees take in carbon dioxide and produce oxygen. A reduction in trees will therefore have increased the union of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The Industrial Revolution, starting at the end of the 19th Century, has had a huge effect on climate. The invention of the motor engine and the increased burning of fossil fuels have increased the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The number of trees being cut down has also increased, meaning that the extra carbon dioxide produced cannot be changed into oxygen.

Neurological Features Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Health And Social Care Essay

Systemic lupus erythematosus ( systemic lupus erythematosus ) is a chronic multisystem autoimmune connective wind befuddled, which has variable clinical manifestations that range from mild to life-threatening. Young adult distaffs between their youthful teens and early 40s have a much higher preponderance in developing disseminated lupus erythematosus, with a female to male ratioof 91 7 . In the United States ( U.S. ) for illustration, Lawrence et Al. 8 reported that systemic lupus erythematosus appeargond to be to a greater extent putting green in black adult females than in new(prenominal) population groups. angiotensin converting enzyme U.S. ex post facto survey of patient medical records, by McCarty et Al. 9 tack that the malady was diagnosed 23 generation more give awayly in black adult females. Certain cultural groups everywherely appear to record a higher prevalence, such as people with Afro Caribbean 127 129 or Afri wad beginning 130 133 .The world-wide prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus ranges between 12 and 50 per 100,000. These figures vary and are related to location and to the patient s ethnicity every bit vertical as die acknowledgment of the unsoundness today 10 . Factors such as sunshine, the part of infection, oestrogen endocrines, emphasis and drugs whitethorn precipitate the disease and there is alike a obscure familial footing 11 . It has been reported by Deapen et Al. 12 that a familial agentive role in the sensitivity to the disease is reflected by 25 % harmony in indistinguishable twins. Many of the juvenile familial findings, 13, 14 seem sensible from a mechanistic point of view they identify cistrons with of spell out give outs in the immune system on occasion in concurrence with functional informations of the all in allelomorphs tested that similarly fit the paradigm of loss of self-tolerance.Familial lacks of complement besides plays a function, 15 with C1q, C1r, C1s C4, and C2 being the approximately of import of the complement proteins, 16 just, no unmarried stimulate for systemic lupus erythematosus has been identified. Recent information, 17 besides suggested that a about omnipresent virus Epstein-Barr virus ( EBV ) might besides play a facilitating function 18 22 .A case-control survey, by James et Al. 23 demonstrated that EBV antibodies were present in 99 % , and EBV DNA was present in 100 % of the kids and immature grownups who had systemic lupus erythematosus, which was signifi hardlyt endtly higher than those in the control group. scorn this, the association between active EBV infection and the precipitation of systemic lupus erythematosus remains ill- specify.Neuropsychiatric manifestations are increasingly recognise in patients with SLE. These include a broad assortment of neurologic and psychiatric characteristics that ac ascertain for appreciable morbidity and mortality in these patients. They besides involve both the cardinal and peripheral nervous systems and reaching from elusive abnormalcies of cognitive disfunction and anxiousness to obvious manifestations, such as chance event, ictuss and psychosis. This article through arrogant published literature, efforts to summarize the of import neurological characteristics of cardinal nervous system disease of SLE.Clinical PresentationThe widely recognised presentation of a immature female showing with inflammatory arthritis and a butterfly roseola on the face ( pattern 1 ) is comparatively uncommon 7 . Non-specific symptoms of unease, weariness, arthralgia, unwritten ulcers, radiosensitivity, lymphadenopathy, pleuritic thorax strivings, concerns, parathesiae, symptoms of dry eyeball and oral cavity, Raynaud s phenomenon and mild hair loss are the more potential presentations 24 .Fig 1. Typical butterfly -like roseola over the cheeks in SLE 24 .The diagnosing of SLE of wiz patients hence requires certain clinical and laboratory info rmations, 25 based on the widely accepted special ( 1997 ) standards suggested by the Ameri dismiss College of Rheumatology ( ACR ) ( although intended, and in fact more utile for research and curative test intents ) ( carry over 1 ) 26 .The agencies to early diagnosing is in the clinical rating of patients.It should include a do it systems re estimation with scrutiny and subsequent probes, guided by the extent of organ involvement 7 . For illustration, in primary attention, a diagnosing of SLE or a related tip over is often observable after clinical rating, uranalysis for blood and protein. Probes such as a full blood count ( FBC ) , which frequently shows an anemia or a cytopenia, nephritic and liver be trials and acute stage reactants a high erythrocyte deposit rate ( ESR ) with a normal C reactive protein ( CRP ) ingress are characteristic. A simple algorithmic rule for the diagnosing of SLE is provided as an illustration ( Fig 2 ) 25 29 .Central nervous system diseaseHistoryCentral nervous system ( central nervous system ) engagement in SLE was foremost described by Kaposi in 1872 1 . Osler in 1903 was the first to describe a never-failing focal intellectual ischemia in SLE 2 . Libman and Sacks 3 described endocarditis in SLE in 1924. The association of the lupus decoagulant ( LA ) and thrombosis in patients with SLE was described by Bowie et Al. 4 in 1963, and in 1968 Johnson and Richardson reported neuropathlogical findings in 24 instances of SLE 5 . In 1988, Devinsky et Al. 6 reported on an necropsy survey of 50 SLE patients 10 of whom had embolic intellectual infarcts, five cause by Libman-Sacks endocarditis and quartet from other cardiac beginnings.Neurological characteristicssystema nervosum centrale disease is extremely diverse and remains a challenge in footings of pathogenesis, appraisal and intervention and it is now better to see CNS disease in footings of separate syndromes. It is a effective but potentially treatable illness, which cool off presents really hard diagnostic challenges. The ACR defines 19 contrastive syndromes in its mixture for the neurological complications of SLE ( display board 2 ) , as opposed to old uncomp allowe footings such as cardinal nervous system lupus, neurolupus or lupus cerebritis 30 .CNS engagement is reported to happen in 14 70 % of SLE patients 31 . The most common neurological manifestations of SLE are the organic fertiliser brain disorders, which comprises of all the possible fluctuations of acute confusion, lassitude, or coma chronic dementedness depression, passion, or other affectional perturbations or psychosis.ConcernOf the more often encountered CNS complications, concerns are highly common. Fernandez-Nebro et Al. 32 and Raskin et Al. 33 tell that up to 40 % of persons experience severe disenabling concerns at least one time per yr. There are, nevertheless three controlled surveies in the literature on chronic or episodic con cern 34 that can non be tracked back to other SLE syndromes 32, 35 .. The consequences are instead conflicting, nevertheless, and do non let for a unequivocal decision. For illustration, a nexus between migraine and SLE activity and flare ups has emphatically non been established 34, 35 .If future research confirms that megrim is so induced by SLE, the neurological hitch would still be overestimated by including megrim without limitation in the list of SLE neurological standards. primeval surveies showed that concerns might react to corticosteroid intervention and this proved to be more impelling than the conventional anti-migraine therapy employ in commanding concerns inSLE patients 36, 37 .A clear differentiation between CNS manifestations due to SLE and those due to antiphospholipid ( Hughes ) syndrome ( APS ) has been indicated 7 .An association of megrim concern with antiphospholipid antibodies ( APAs ) has been suggested, 38 nevertheless, more recent surveie s have found no suchnexus 35 .SeizuresSeizures are the side by side(p) most frequent neurological complication and are known to happen in 14-25 % of patients ( compared with 0.5-1 % in the general population ) 39 . Seizures may ensue from intellectual vasculitis, cardiac intercalation, timeserving infection, drug poisoning, or associated metabolic mental unsoundnesss. They are more likely to be associated with APS than with intellectual vasculitis, which is highly rare in clinical pattern 40 . Electrolyte perturbation and medicative effects should be excluded, particularly those ensuing from antidepressants, stimulating medicines to handle weariness, or withdrawal from depressants or intoxicant.The primary neurological presentation of SLE is more common than originally thought ( 10/41 patients ) and included both ictuss ( 4 instances ) and motion up acts including Parkinsonism and chorea ( 4 instances ) 41 .higher(prenominal) overall frequences of ictuss ( 42 % ) an early manifestation in 27 % , and in 10 % ictuss were the first SLE symptom seen.Epileptic ictuss are among the most common CNS manifestations in SLE.In separate surveies, Sibley et al. , 42 Steinlin et al. , 43 and Brinciotti et Al. 44 demonstrated that generalised tonic-clonic ictuss ( once known as expansive mal ictuss ) , simple and complex partial ictuss, automatic ictuss and position eliepticus all occur 45 .It is presumed that most ictuss in patients with SLE would be elicited by vascular abnormalcies in the mentality, or would be either due to CNS infections or secondary to other marks, but this can non ever be demonstrated.In a big ex post facto survey, in 18 out of 266 patients, ictuss were non attributable to any cause other than SLE 42 .Table 1. ACR mixture Criteria for SLE 26 The diagnosing of SLE requires the presence of four or more of the following 11 standards at the same time or in sequence ( besides see algorithm in Fig 2 ) .SLE standardDefinition or illu strationsSerositisPleuritis pleuritic hurting,Pleuralrub, pleural pourPericarditis Electrocardiogram alterations, pericardiac hang-up, pericardiac gushOral ulcersFrequently painless soresArthritisNonerosive two or more peripheral articulations affectedPhotosensitivity strip down roseola as a consequence of unusual reaction to sunlightBloodHematologic upsetHemolytic anemiaLeucopeniaLymphopeniaThrombocytopeniaNephritic upsetProteinuria ( with 3+ or more protein noted in urinalysis specimen or 0.5 g of protein/day )Cellular dramatis personaes in reachAntinuclear antibodyAntibodies to atomic componentsImmunological upsetAnti- DNA antibodiesAnti Samarium antibodiesAntiphospholipid antibodiesNeurological upsetSeizuresPsychosisMalar roseola repair erythema over the malar distinctionsDiscoid roseolaErythematosus raised spots may markECG = EKGA mnemonic to retrieve the 11 symptoms is SOAP BRAIN MD .Table 2. The neurological complications of SLE 30 Central nervous systemNeurologicalAs eptic meningitisCerebrovascular diseaseMultifocal subacute lesionsHeadache ( including megrim and idiopathic intracranial high blood pressure )Motion upsets ( peculiarly chorea )MyelopathySeizure upsetPsychiatricAcute confusional provinceAnxiety upsetCognitive mapTemper upsetPsychosis fringy nervous systemAcute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy( Guillain Barre syndrome )Autonomic upsetCranial neuropathyMononeuropathy, individual or abstruseMyastheia gravisPlexopathyPolyneuropathyDiagnosis of SLEPatient showing with disease manifestations affecting two or more organ systemsANA provingTitre a? 140 Titre & lt 140See referral to rheumatologist for full Strong statement againstSLE rating, including the following SLE alternate measureACR diagnostic standards ( see Table 1 ) for organ system testing ground trials full blood count, uranalysis, manifestations should beserum creatinine degree and antiphospholipid, pursuedanti-dsDNA and anti-Sm antibodiesExplanation found No ac countZero to three Four or more Sufficient to See referral toACR standards ACR standards regulation out SLE rheumatologist ifinquiry of SLE oruncomplete SLEremainsNo SLE or SLEIncomplete SLEFig 2. An algorithm for the diagnosing of SLE. ( ANA = antinuclear antibody ACR = American College of Rheumatology anti-dsDNA = antibody to duplicate isolated DNA antigen antiSm = antibody to Sm atomic antigen ) .Information from mentions 25 29 Stroke and undying transient ischemic onslaughts ( TIAs ) are among the CNS diagnoses seen in 3-15 % of instances although these figures vary harmonizing to the literature 46 48 . Annual shots were calculated for illustration, utilizing informations from 91 patients with SLE spy for 599 patient-years. It was found that the shot rate dropped from 6.6 % in twelvemonth 1 to 0.6 % during old ages 6-10 46 .The International Classification of Diseases ( ICD-9 ) codification for SLE, estimated thatcerebrovascular accidents were 10 times more frequen t in 18 to 44 twelvemonth old females with SLE, than in those of similar age without the disease 49 .The frequence of cerebrovascular accidents were about double as frequent in in-between age ( 45-64 year ) , whereas in old age, the frequence was found to be somewhat below normal.APAs have one time once more been implicated, as shown by Provenzale et Al 50 . Neuroimaging surveies suggested no important differences in the incidence of multifocal little face cloth affair lesions, or of big vas shots, between patients with primary or secondary APS.Harmonizing to the literature, subarachnoid bleeding in SLE is gooddocumented 47, 51 55 , nevertheless, by far the most studies of this are from one state Japan. A survey by Mimori et Al. 56 of the medical records of patients with SLE in one Nipponese Centre, covering a 20 twelvemonth period, revealed that 10 of 258 patients had at some clip experienced a ( clinically defined ) subarachnoid bleeding.Figures in the literature on TIA s in SLE indicate that the overall incidence is raised 46, 48, 57 .Aseptic meningitisAcute, chronic or recurrent sterile meningitis is a rare manifestation of SLE. The term is frequently used for a meningeal syndrome of non-infectious beginning with some grade of nuchal rigidness ( neck stiffness ) and with increased white cells ( pleocytosis ) in the cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF ) 26, 58 . Pathologically, meningeal redness is found in about twenty percent part of patients 59 . SLE should be considered in any patient who ab initio presents with a meningitic exposure and in whom beings have non been identified, particularly if the meningitis is perennial. Aseptic meningitis has been reported in patients with shot or ischaemic encephalon lesions vasculitis was non demonstrated, but was non ruled out 60, 61 .There are studies of sterile meningitis following non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( even so after merely a individual tablet ) in SLE and assorted connective tissue disease.Jolles et Al. 62 stated that up to 60 % of patients with SLE are estimated to hold CNS symptoms associated with redness at some clip during their unwellness, and that this could predispose them to drug-induced sterile meningitis ( DIAM ) .Maignen et Al. 63 suggested that assorted drugs ( non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents such as isobutylphenyl propionic acid and Clinoril, antibiotics such as cotrimoxazole, trimethoprim, Cipro and assorted drugs such as carbamazepine, human immune globulin and muromonab CD3 ) can be associated with development of DIAM and those patients with SLE and/or connective tissue upsets are at a higher hazard. Ibuprofen for illustration, has been reported on a figure of occasions as a cause of sterile meningitis, particularly in patients with SLE 64, 65 .The exact mechanism for the reaction to these agents is non to the full understood, but it is speculated that APAs perchance have a function. Meningeal symptoms occur a few hours after drug breathing in and decide without sequelae within one or two yearss after the drug is withdrawn.Chorea, although rare, is frequently quoted as the classical neurological characteristic of SLE 43 . There are conflicting studies, as suggested by Janvas et Al. 66 and Cervera et Al. 67, 68 in respect to its incidence, runing from 1-4 % . It can develop at any clip, but is more likely to look during an ague flair, which has led some research workers to propose that it could be used as a marker of disease activity, where there is a reported re while rate of up to 25 % . It has besides been associated with shot 69 and with idiopathic intracranial high blood pressure and dural fistula thrombosis in kids 70 . It is non yet clear, nevertheless, whether it is due to a vascular abuse or to antibody-induced neural disfunction 71, 72 .Psychiatric perturbations range from temper and personality upsets to psychosis, the latter being defined as a psychotic upset, harmonizing to the sta ndards of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM-IV ) 73 . No alone clinical image is seen, but three comparatively distinguishable forms can be discerned pure behavioural or psychiatric unwellness without overcasting of consciousness, subacute encephalopathy/encephalitis, and dementedness. Affectional upsets, peculiarly anxiousness and depression are the most common ( e.g. in 103 of 414 outpatients from two surveies and 19 of 43 hospitalised patients from another survey ) , though non in similar proportions in the surveies 74 76 .It has, nevertheless, non been shown that these upsets occur more often in patients with SLE 77 than in those with unhealthy arthritis or other chronic diseases 78 80 . The association with psychotic episodes lupus psychosis is more dependable 81 , although its differentiation from corticoid induced psychosis can be hard. In a big and frequently quoted retrospective survey, 11 of 266 patients developed psychosis du ring a average follow-up period of at least 90 months 42 .Delusions, ocular and audile hallucinations, catatonia and transition upsets are all good recognised 82 . derangement is a normally recognized complication, although small elaborate published information is available. Harmonizing to DSM-IV, cognitive upset can be compensated for at least partly the diagnosing therefore requires neuropsychological appraisal 73 . The per centum of patients with SLE enduring from cognitive upset varies among surveies. For illustration, an overall incidence of cognitive alterations in SLE of 55 % has been suggested 83, 84 .In four surveies, these figures varied from 21-35 % , 85 88 and from 43-67 % in two other surveies 89, 90 . All these fluctuations are due in portion to different cut-offs that were chosen for normalcy by these different writers.Furthermore some writers 91, 92 contend that the grade of cognitive upset fluctuates over clip, but this is dispute by others 88 . Two possible causes of cognitive upset have been suggested little vas vasculopathy and an antibody intermediate consequence on neural operation 85, 93 . Perturbations of the cranial 94 97 and peripheral nervousnesss individual and manifold 98 , rete 99, 100 , sensorimotor 101 103 , and autonomic lesions 102, 104 106 , myasthenia gravis 107, 108 , and Guillain-Barre syndrome 109 111 , have all been reported in SLE, albeit with limited survey.Antiphospholipid syndrome ( Hughes syndrome )The antiphospholipid syndrome ( APS ) was first described in patients with SLE ( secondary APS ) , but may happen in the absence of any other upset ( primary APS ) . In other words, the branchings of this syndrome lead beyond SLE, to all subjects of medical specialty. An emerging impression is the differentiation between CNS manifestations due to SLE and those caused by APS 112 . Some constituents of APS have been recognised since the 1950s, but the complete syndrome was non t o the full described until 1983 113 . Since so the potpourri standards have been updated to include manifestations non antecedently distinctive 114 .Categorization standards for ruinous APS have been validated, and a world-wide registry set up to enter clinical informations for these rare patients in order to analyze intervention and results 115 . A description of the clinical characteristics of 1000 patients with this syndrome remains the largest of such series 116 . It is defined as the association of antiphospholipid antibodies ( APAs ) with arterial or venous thrombosis, perennial fetal loss, thrombopenia or neurological upsets such as shot and TIAs, transverse myelopathy, chorea and migrainous concern.Primary APS, nevertheless seldom progresses to SLE. unitary survey carried out on 128 patients over a 9 twelvemonth period showed that merely 8 % developed SLE where a prescribed antiglobulin trial was used as a clinically important forecaster of patterned advance 117 . The spectrum of clinical characteristics of APS continues to broaden with descriptions of nephritic arteria stricture 118 , metatarsal breaks 119 , avascular mortification 120 , and abnormalcies of vascular map 121 .Accelerated atheroma has become a major focal point of research in persons that have APS, with probes demoing cross-reactivity of antiphospholipids with oxidise LDL and early marks of arterial disease in these peculiar patients 121, 122 .George and Shoenfield 123 have termed APS as the hamlet of autoimmunity and coronary artery disease . The contentions of intervention of APS remain, chiefly in footings of the sum of anticoagulation required to forestall perennial thrombosis. Two prospective surveies by Crowther et Al. 124 and Finazzi et Al. 125 indicated that a high-intensity government of anticoagulation, with international normalized ratios ( INRs ) above 3.0, were no better than conventional therapy with INRs of 2.0-3.0 in the bar of perennial thrombosis. This contradicted old retrospective informations.A farther survey by Levine et Al. 126 added drift to this research by proposing that positive baseline antiphospholipids in shot patients failed to foretell future cerebro-vascular layover accidents. It besides stated that everyday showing for antiphospholipids was non warranted. The survey has later been criticised as flawed, in that it was non designed to turn to the issue of testing and that merely one baseline measuring was used. Most physicians hence, still see antiphospholipid proving as being indispensable, particularly in immature shot victims.DecisionSLE was one time considered a rare disease with a universally fatal result. The past 20 old ages, nevertheless have shown that this upset is more common than originally thought and that it is treatable, with the bulk of patients now holding about normal life spans. One must be cognizant, nevertheless, that a patient who is diagnosed with SLE at 20 old ages of age s till has a 1 in 6 opportunity of deceasing by 35 old ages of age, largely from the disease itself and/or related infections. Reducing the cardiovascular hazard, which still claims significant loss of life, is besides of major importance.The neurological characteristics of cardinal nervous system disease of SLE are easy get downing to be unravelled, although there are still many inquiries that need to be answered. Delay in diagnosing, particularly in patients with low-grade disease, remains debatable. The staying challenges are in bettering the quality of life for these peculiar patients by bettering the symptoms of SLE. For illustration we result necessitate to develop biomarkers and neuroimaging trials for SLE associated neuropsychiatric disease that have the ability to place the implicit in pathological mechanism and steer curative determinations 134 , which will hopefully ensue in more effectual intervention for this potentially dangerous unwellness.

Forever New Case Study Essay

Indian Retail SectorIndia is one(a) of the most desirable sell destinations in the world. Indias twin harvest-time engines of economical fruit and demographic profile set it apart from otherwise nations and present a compelling business case for globular sellers looking to enter the market. PwC research indicates that Indias retail sector is worth US$ 350 billion and has a low organised retail perceptiveness of 5 to 8%. Modern trade emerged during the 90s, primarily in the food and grocery sector, and is now ontogeny at a unite Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 15 to 20%. A titanic market potential for a pose of categories is indicated by low ORP, increasing urbanisation, growing incomes, increasing consumer confidence, etc. Indias retail sector comprises organised and unorganised participants.Given the sizing of the countrys retail market, PwC research and other reports suggest that the 12 million mom-and-pop bloodlines comprising Indias unorganised market base co-exist with new trade players. Recognising the long-term growth potential of Indias retail market, some of the countrys largest conglomerates take in all(a)ocated billions of dollars to launch large scale retail initiatives that span meetty-and carry, food and grocery, books, music and leisure, gems and je s considerably upery, foot hold, appargonl, gatewayories, etc. India-based retail incumbents be expanding their presence crossways a range of categories, experimenting with formats, launching private labels, strengthening supply chain systems and more. globular retailers atomic number 18 as well as assessing the Indian market with keen inte stick. They apply recognised that the nigh wave of growth in terms of generating revenues, r from each oneing new customers (including the large number of middle-class consumers) and harnessing research and development (R&D) and innovative skills. An aspiring middle-class of 300 million consumers, a large demand-driven population of 500 m illion green consumers and a relatively untapped rural population of 700 million stack constitute the growth story. Be posts, a strong GDP growth, rising consumer confidence, consumption-based behaviour, increasing incomes and a large pool of consumers have made India one of the worlds most attractive retail destinations.Major demographic groups ar driving purchases crossways categoriesSources PwC analysis Capgemini, Merrill Lynch Wealth ManagementIndias Retail FundamentalsMarket Size Compound Annual Growth Rate Unorganised Sector Organised Retail Penetration Retail constriction Contribution to GDP US$ 350 Billion 15-20% 12 million mom and pop livestocks 5-8% 6% 14%Indian economy displays resilience in the midst of global crisis.Source Prime Ministers Economic Advisory Council, Government of IndiaDemand driversDemanding consumers Indian consumers are demanding access to products and services that delight and force out them, are of good quality, and provide value for money. Increasing incomes Strong GDP performance, capital market growth and the emergence of new industries are creating new millionaires and boosting income levels. This acts as an incentive for consumers to spend more on products. They are also experimenting with shuffles, trying new products, etc. Evolving consumption patterns Traditionally, the point of Indian consumers was on saving. However, positive macro-economic fundamentals, an evolving retail market, life means influencers, etc. are ensuring that consumers spend more across categories. Other aspects, like the emergence of double-income households, easier access to credit and societys acceptance of self-indulgence, are changing purchasing habits.Supply driversExpansion The growth of modern font trade and expansion plans are enabling consumers to easily access retail products and services across urban, Tier II and Tier III cities and towns. Growth opportunities Some proud growth categories in the retail sector include children s wear, accessories, consumer durables, leisure, apparel and footwear. bracing entrants Some of the worlds largest and most honored denounces and retailers have a presence in India. Those who have not yet entered India are assessing the market with interest. The cardinal government freshly took a decision to allow up to 51 percent foreign take in investment (FDI) in multi-brand retail and raise the limit for overseas investment in single-brand retail to blow percent.Benefits of FDIConsumers plethora of options with demote quality. Government Exchequer Payment of indirect taxes through the supply chain by the modern trade players, primarily service tax. Farmers/Producers Establishes efficient supply chains that links farmers and trivial manufacturers forthwith with retailers which maximises value for stakeholders. Together with back-end infrastructure, this result minimise wastage (especially of fresh foods and vegetables), increase farmers realisations, encourage best prac tices in go management and improve food safety and hygiene.Unorganised Trade Mom-and-pop breeds can exist alongside modern trade players and can explore partnership models (e.g., sourcing, franchise partners) in a rapidly changing retail environment . Indias retail sector is an evolving market. The sector will grow and develop over the next four to six decades, since consumers will earn more, those below the poverty line will cross over, the gains from economic growth will be felt more inclusively, etc.Pune Retail ScenarioThe retail sector in Pune was earlier confined to a few markets which were unorganised, chaotic and crowded. In the last two years, however, the rise in modern retail outlets can be seen across the city. Koregaon Park home, Inorbit, Phoenix Market City, Pulse, Kumar Pacific perambulation and Amanora town Center are the new ones that have joined the already existing malls like S.G.S centerfield, Mariplex and central to evoke a few.Source CBRE India Retail Ma rket panorama 2011Source CBRE India Retail Market ViewSource CBRE India Retail Market ViewPune has come a long way in recent times. The IT market, automobile boom, student community, thriving service sector, robust real estate market and increase in the number of professionals have led to an expansion of the city. This rapid urbanisation, and the new demands of Punes global citizens, has led to a rise in the number of malls, offering high-end brands.Introduction invariably bare-ass is a fashion dress and accessories brand founded in Melbourne, Australia. It was started by Dipendra Goenka and Amanda Goenka, an Indian-South African couple in 2006. The brand celebrates the feminine beauty of women, a signature style flowing through e actually creative element. Collections are inspired by global trends in art, film, music and theatre as well as haute couture runway shows in Paris, London, Milan and refreshful York. It was started as Dipendra Goenka saw an obvious whirl which was no t only restricted to the Australian market but all over the world. With perpetually saucily, the Goenkas hindquartersed daughters who are willing to surf with their mothers, a group that flies well under the cultural radar. Normally it gets very herculean for a woman who is on her far side of 40s to struggle with hot pants and play suits of her daughters choice, and hence ever refreshing is a one of a kind farm animal which makes women of all age groups comfortable and creates an environment for all ages groups who choose et hereal to edgy range. unceasingly New has created a fashion empire based around the frilly and feminine It is one of the smart growing Australian brands, Forever New emerged in late 2006 as a start up retailer and now trades over 250 stores in 11 countries globally. The bon ton was restructured in 2010 to support its growth which values it at some $108 million, although the ownership remained unchanged. term Forever New is best known as an Australia n retailer, the 250-store chain already includes outlets in China, India, New Zealand, Singapore, South Africa and Turkey. While Forever News restructure meant that it was impossible to say how more the chain made in 2011. Accounts filed with the Australian Securities and Investments Commission showed that between June 25 and July 31 in 2011 it cleared $480,000 profit on virtually $1.9 million worth of sales. It had assets of just about $50 million and employed about 700 plurality.Forever New in IndiaForever New was launched in India soon afterward it was launched in Australia. It has its leave office in Noida, Uttar Pradesh. It also has its branches in Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru, Pune, Hyderabad and Kolkata.Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning In the Indian scenario the segment for Forever New will be women of almost all age groups starting from 15 years. They can be teenagers or college going students, fashion intended girls, celebrities, elite class of women or house wive s involved many in social activities etc. The target audience for frilly, ultra feminine products of forever new ranges from 15 to 60 years as the objectives are on the classics edge. Along with that it does make order of battles inspired from the runway for the fashion conscious women.For the teenagers it has edgy, cute and girly designs. It has diverse damage ranges for women of the elite class and celebrities and provides them with luxurious fabrics and designs. For the women aged 40-60 it has frilly, elegant c separatehes with a soft pastel palate so that it suits their age and style and doesnt look flashy. Overseas it positions itself as a middle range brand which caters exclusively to women of all age groups primarily from 15 to 60, but in India generally after the age of 30-35 women do not prefer it. Hence in India it has positioned itself as a very chic, feminine, high fashion expensive brand which caters to women of age group from 15 to 35.The Marketing MixProductThe p roducts of Forever New are exclusively for women and have a large variety under them. Under the dress section they have dresses, tops, pants, skirts, denims, shorts, knitwear, coats and jackets. They widen their range with a beautiful collection of bags, sunglasses, shoes, jewellery, hats, belts, scarves and gloves. The products are very feminine, frilly, and fashionable and generally have soft colours. The quality of the products is very good especially the choice of fabrics or materials for each piece. Design-wise the products are according to the in vogue(p) fashion forecasts or they are just plain simple classics. termsDifferent products have divergent price ranges, starting from Rs 800 to Rs 15,000.PromotionsForever New in India promotes itself through hoardings in malls. It also gives away its products for shoots in fashion magazines for which it gets due credit, hence displaying its latest collection through yarn-dye media. Exhibitions are put up in Mumbai to create bra nd awareness. They also do mobile merchandising by sending an SMS to every customer informing them about their new offers and sales. It gives away free catalogues to people who enter their stores to increase its brand awareness. It has an online shopping website which displays and sells the latest collections.PlaceIt sells through 2 diametrical channels. salt aways and Online. In India Forever New doesnt have stand alone stores. They are located in malls. The head office is in Noida but the inventory is shipped from Australia to each store in India separately, even though the products are manufactured in China.Forever New, PuneForever New is located in 2 diametric malls in Pune Town Centre Amanora, HadapsarTown Centre Amanora in Pune is a lifestyle retail centre, spread across 20 lac sq. ft. It is set according to world class standards, it is destined to be the retail and cultural epicenter of Pune, catering to both Western and Indian sensibilities, it has everything from premi um to mass retail, cinemas, quick service restaurants, cafes and fine dining options. Town centre is destined to get a steady stream of customers, property them engaged throughout the day and create a profitable equation for retail partners. The location is an expediency for Forever New as it has almost all kinds of people feeler to the mall out of which a majority are young women from the age group of 15-35 because the mall is situated right at the take in of Amanora Township spread across 450 acres and is near the Magarpatta area, the hub of IT professionals. Koregaon Park seatKoregaon Park Plaza strengthened on European concept, launched on 2nd March 2012 is a world class attraction with a premium retail mix and the epitome of shop entertainment where visitors will find a troops of wonderful, engaging activities. The retail positioning of the mall is mirrored by its location in the heart of Pune, at Koregaon Park. This combination of centralised location and the malls wo rld class architectural features positions Koregaon Park Plaza as an appealing destination for tourists & shopaholics of Pune. The location shouldve been an advantage for Forever New had the mall been as happy as promised but unfortunately Koregaon Park Plaza is not doing so well, but loyal and tied(p) customers of Forever New do visit a great deal and shop from there. Since the mall is isnt doing well, it is very difficult to form new customer relationships leading to less brand awareness.Forever New in Town Centre Amanora, HadapsarIt is a small store in a rectangular format. Size 375 sq ft. Approximately. The customers that come to this store are mostly young girls (teenagers), IT professionals or housewives of the f number middle or high class. Store LayoutThe store in Town Centre Amanora is a small, congested store. It has very less quadrangle to move around. The focus does not go on the primary wall. The nesting table at the entrance takes up too oft space. The trial roo ms are big and well accommodating. There is no proper defined space for accessories. There is no defined path for the customerForever New in Koregaon Park PlazaThis store is in rectangular format with a fairly good size. Size 400Sqft Approximately. The customers that visit this store are mostly loyal customers and are located far away from the Magarpatta area. It also has college going girls coming in to store. Women/girls from upper middle class or high class also come here to shop. Store LayoutThe store in Koregaon Park Plaza is comparatively bigger and spacious. The store provides a well defined path for the customer. It has been put up in such a way that the focus goes on the right places. The store is very spacious and welcoming. It attracts attention.Common FeaturesAlmost all the worldwide stores have a Visual Merchandising guideline from their country head office that they have to follow. Some of them are The collection stories and their display criteria. For instance, the way the story for is be spring it collection has toTropical Fantasy and the displayed on the primary wall is already decided and The sent window by the display Australian head office. design too comes from the Australian head office. The basic store characteristics, like the humungous beautiful mirror behind the cash counter, the chandeliers, the white walls, the fixtures, nesting tables, trail rooms with maroon curtains, the chic and fun soundtracks, the comment book, the catalogues etc. Whatever things do not get exchange off after a particular period of time are sent back to Australia. The collection is updated every month. Everything each store. Sales happen twice a year. This brand wants to ensure that the customer have a first class experience while visiting their store. So that when they walk out they form an image of the brand in their head and position it as a classy, feminine and delicate place. comes from theAustralian head office directly toBrand PortfolioLike mentione d before, Forever New is an exclusive womens wear brand. It has an ultra feminine style and the designs are inspired by classics and latest runway shows of New York, Paris, Milan and London. In India it is considered as an expensive brand. It uses expensive and delicate fabrics like silk and lace for its products. It provides a good visual experience when one enters its store. groups of women. The products are like the brand itself, delicate and beautiful. It has a wide variety of products and sizes for all the ageSizesWomens Sizing ChartMeasurement Point Bust circuit Waist Circumference Hip Circumference 4 74 57 83 6 79 62 88 8 84 67 93 10 89 72 98 12 94 77 103 14 99 82 108 16 104 87 Clothing International Size noveltyXS S M L 4-6 8-10 12-14 16Footwear International Size ConversionAustralia US UK Europe 5 5 3 36 6 6 4 37 7 7 5 38 8 8 6 39 9 9 7 40 10 10 8 41Ring Size Guide (measurement is the diameter of the ring)S/M M/L 17mm 19mmProduct examplesDressesThe stores comprised of almo st 25 different types of dresses Some of them were 1. cassie Embellished Strap Dress 2. Yvette Skater Dress 3. Ella Low Back Dress 4. Poppy Strapless Waterfall DressThe dresses had a very wide price range starting from Rs 2000 to Rs 15,000. The sizes varied from the kind of dresses available. In general the fastest selling sizes were 6 and 8. The unhurried selling sizes were 12 and 16.TopsThe store comprised of almost 45 different kinds of tops Some of them were 1. Trixie High Low Top 2. Koko Studded Pocket Tee 3. Chelsea Printed Tank 4. Mackenzie roster up sleeveThe prices of the tops ranged from Rs 1200 to Rs 6000. The sizes variedaccording to the different kinds of tops. The fastest selling sizes were 8, 10, 12 and 14. The slowest selling size was 4. huffsThe store comprised of almost 20 different kinds of bottoms Some of them were 1. Isobella Draped Pant 2. Leya Casual Skinny 3. Arla Tuxedo Shorts 4. Oslo Piped Pocket JeggingThe prices of the pants ranged from Rs 1200 to Rs 4 000. The sizes varied according to the different kinds of pants. The fastest selling sizes were 8, 10 and 12. The slowest selling sizes were 6 and 16.BagsThe store comprised of almost 15 different kinds of bags Some of them were 1. Lori Satchel 2. Ava Grace Small Bag 3. Ariela Hard Case Clutch 4. Lucy Stud CoinAccessoriesThe store comprised of a lot of accessories Some of them were Tilly Pearly Statement Ring Heather Beret Vanessa Lace fuck off Jaylyn E telll TorqueThe store comprised of almost 15 different kinds of shoes Some of them were 1. Prianne Platform 2. Sonia Embellished Sandal 3. Candice Diamente spunk 4. Lolita The prices of the pants ranged from Rs 2500 to Rs 6000. The sizes varied according to the different kinds of shoes. The fastest selling sizes were 6, 7 and 8. The slowest selling size was 10.After studying the assortment of both the stores, it can be concluded that The size 4 line in the Pune sector is less. The most common sizes are 8, 10 and 12. Oversized people generally do not prefer Forever New for dresses and shoes but they prefer the tops.Competitive synopsis match to the Pune Retail Scenario, the direct competitors of Forever New would be mango tree ZaraEven though they have different styles and they all are from different parts of the world quench in the Indian market these brands are competing against each other. Mango Mango clothing is a Spanish multinational based in companyBarcelona. It designs, manufactures and markets clothing garments and accessories for women and men. Mango loose its first shop in 1984. What started out as a small team began to grow as a result of an ambitious production system based on the philosophy justin-time, which defined product concepts, store design, quality standards, price and brand image. This solid approach has false Mango into a Spanish fashion leader. Mango can be differentiated for having a highly-defined concept. The Mango concept is based on an alliance between a quality produ ct, with an original design and a coherent and unified brand image. Dressing the modern, urban women for her daily needs is the formula they have analysed, able and applied in all the countries in which Mango is present. Zara Since the moment the first Zara stores doors were opened in 1975, the growth of the Zara fashion line has built a been unstoppable. In Zara famous the has brand emulous successfully clothing industry, worldwidethanks to their premium locations as well as a rum management system of design, production and supply chains. Unlike other fashion brands, it takes Zara only 10 to 14 days from the time they design new clothing until it arrives in stores. This fast fashion concept and subprogram allow Zara to always provide the most fashionable clothes to their customers, and the ever-renewed collections definitely help build brand loyalty.Brand PositioningFactors flavour Variety Sizes Assortment Value for Money Price Design way Forever New honest Fair Good ridicu lous Fair High Good Good Mango Good Poor FairGood Fair High Fair Poor Zara Poor Good Poor Good Poor Medium Good GoodMango in Pune has naturalized itself only as a womens wear brand. Unlike Forever New it has a very good assortment of products. It has a category of products which can be affordable by middle and upper middle class women and another category which can be affordable by elite classes. It has better quality but less variety. Zara in Pune opened up recently in 2011. It has great style and is up to date with fashion, but unlike Forever New it has sizing issues and most of their products are sold out or not available in proper sizes. It has poor quality goods when compared to Mango or Forever New. It is cheaper than both the brands but it doesnt provide value for money.Forever New SWOT Analysis Strengths Filled in the brand gap of mother daughter shopping together. Unique Products Brand name Customer Loyalty Online MarketWeakness lot of Indian consumers are not able to think with the brand. Very expensive Weak Promotion Strategies Less brand awarenessEmerging Markets Increasing providence New Products Innovation New TechnologyThreatsIntense Competition Substitute Products Substitute Market losings due to low acceptance rate of consumersStrengthsForever New is a big brand name and a lot of consumers will be directed towards it cause of that. It has a USP of filling in the gap of mother daughter shopping together. It has exclusive products for women. It has highcustomer loyalty rate. Forever new has conventional itself in the online market which is the latest trend in the retail business. It ships to India free of cost which adds on to the rest of the advantages.WeaknessA lot of Indian mothers who go out shopping with their daughters wont be able to relate to the brand. Another weakness is that due to the high prices of the products a lot of people do not prefer buying from there. It has poor promotional strategies and hence the consumers dont noti ce it much and hence less brand awareness.OpportunitiesWith the new technology coming in it would be easier to design and modernise goods leading to faster innovation and new products. The economy is increasing and hence more and more people will be willing to spend on such brands.ThreatsThere is intense competition from a lot of International brands as they are also looking forward to invest in the Indian Retail Sector. Substitute products and substitute markets at better deals will pose a threat to Forever New. Since the Indian consumers are not accepting the brand properly the company might go into a loss.Data Analysis and InterpretationWhy do people shop from Forever New?Sizes Quality Pricing Design movement 0 Why do people shop from Forever New? 2 Style 12 4 Design 9 6 Pricing 1 8 10 Quality 5 12 Sizes 1 14A majority of people shop from Forever New because of its style followed by its designs.Preferred Mall14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0Town Centre AmanoraKoregaon Park PlazaPreferred Mall agree to my sample size the mall preferred to visit Forever New is Koregaon Park Plaza.What do people prefer buying?Tops Bottoms Dresses Shoes Accessories3% 13% 37% 34% 13%Almost 37% of people buy tops from Forever New which is closely followed by Dresses (34%).How often do people visit Forever New?10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Weekly Fortnight Monthly one time in 6 months Yearly How often do people visit Forever New?According to my sample size a majority number of people visit Forever New periodical while hardly anyone visits it weekly.How much do people spend?9% 18% 500-1500 1500-2500 32% 2500-5000 5000-10000 41%In this sample size 41% of people spend Rs 1500-2500 and 32% spend Rs 25005000 on Forever New.Which other brand do you prefer?16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Mango Zara Promod Other Which other brand do you prefer? uttermost number of people prefer Zara if not Forever New.Problems faced4% 4%8% StyleDesigns Pricing46% 38%Quality Sizes Other0%According to this sample size the major proble ms faced in Forever New are sizes and prices.Preferance Store or Online20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4Preferance Store or Online 0 Online StoreMany people prefer visiting stores over online shopping.Membership Card?16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Yes No Membership Card?A majority of people prefer a membership card for Forever New.Recommendations and ConclusionForever New is moving at a very slow rate in Pune. It caters only to a hold in clientele and many people are not aware of it as a brand. People who are aware of this brand and shop from it are not very happy with the sizes and the prices it offers to them. Along with that a lot of people complained that it has limited variety and goes out of stock fast. Despite all these issues, Forever New does have a brand loyalty and some people do follow it regularly, generally on a monthly basis because of its designs, style and quality. A lot of people are not aware about the online shopping facility of this brand and hence do not take advantage of it. Th e major fill-in of the online shopping market is that people prefer going to stores because they like the overall experience of actually pitiable the product and then deciding on whether to buy it or not. International Brands like Forever New are currently going through a bad phase in Pune because consumers are still in the middle of accepting such expensive brands.Growth OpportunitiesEven though the womens wear apparel is booming right now, it still is a little congested. But if there is a proper gap like mother daughter shopping together in one store (similar to Forever New), it can easily fit in the Indian scenario, one just needs to work on the styles and sizes a bit so that the Indian mothers accept it more openly. Indians as consumers are still not ready to shell out a lot of money on apparels so if one can work on the prices and they come down a bit for a brand like this, it will be successful in the Indian market.References and BibliographyWinning in the Indian Retail Secto r Indian Retail Report Opening more Doors CBRE India Retail Market View 2011 http//www.forevernew.com.au/http//www.canalwalk.co.za/shop.htm?shopMGID=35523 http//www.waterfront.co.za/shop/shopcontent/Pages/ForeverNew.aspx http//www.google.co.in/search?rlz=1C1LENP_enIN472IN472&sourceid= chrome&i e=UTF-8&q=globalhttp//www.zendesk.com/why-zendesk/customer/forever-new http//pune.mallsmarket.com/malls/koregaon-park-plaza-pune http//pune.mallsmarket.com/malls/town-centre-amanora-hadapsar