Foundation and Empire 22. Death On Neotrantor

NEOTRANTOR The small planet of Delicass, renamed after the Great Sack, was for nearly a century, the seat of the last dynasty of the First Empire. It was a shadow world and a shadow Empire and its existence is only of legalistic importance. Under the first of the Neotrantorian dynasty†¦ Encyclopedia Galactica Neotrantor was the name! New Trantor! And when you have said the name you have exhausted at a stroke all the resemblances of the new Trantor to the great original. Two parsecs away, the sun of Old Trantor still shone and the Galaxy's Imperial Capital of the previous century still cut through space in the silent and eternal repetition of its orbit. Men even inhabited Old Trantor. Not many – a hundred million, perhaps, where fifty years before, forty billions had swarmed. The huge, metal world was in jagged splinters. The towering thrusts of the multi-towers from the single world-girdling base were torn and empty – still bearing the original blastholes and firegut – shards of the Great Sack of forty years earlier. It was strange that a world which had been the center of a Galaxy for two thousand years – that had ruled limitless space and been home to legislators and rulers whose whims spanned the parsecs – could die in a month. It was strange that a world which had been untouched through the vast conquering sweeps and retreats of a millennia, and equally untouched by the civil wars and palace revolutions of other millennia – should lie dead at last. It was strange that the Glory of the Galaxy should be a rotting corpse. And pathetic! For centuries would yet pass before the mighty works of fifty generations of humans would decay past use. Only the declining powers of men, themselves, rendered them useless now. The millions left after the billions had died tore up the gleaming metal base of the planet and exposed soil that had not felt the touch of sun in a thousand years. Surrounded by the mechanical perfections of human efforts, encircled by the industrial marvels of mankind freed of the tyranny of environment – they returned to the land. In the huge traffic clearings, wheat and corn grew. In the shadow of the towers, sheep grazed. But Neotrantor existed – an obscure village of a planet drowned in the shadow of mighty Trantor, until a heart-throttled royal family, racing before the fire and flame of the Great Sack sped to it as its last refuge – and held out there, barely, until the roaring wave of rebellion subsided. There it ruled in ghostly splendor over a cadaverous remnant of Imperium. Twenty agricultural worlds were a Galactic Empire! Dagobert IX, ruler of twenty worlds of refractory squires and sullen peasants, was Emperor of the Galaxy, Lord of the Universe. Dagobert IX had been twenty-five on the bloody day he arrived with his father upon Neotrantor. His eyes and mind were still alive with the glory and the power of the Empire that was. But his son, who might one day be Dagobert X, was born on Neotrantor. Twenty worlds were all he knew. Jord Commason's open air car was the finest vehicle of its type on all Neotrantor – and, after all, justly so. It did not end with the fact that Commason was the largest landowner on Neotrantor. It began there. For in earlier days he had been the companion and evil genius of a young crown prince, restive in the dominating grip of a middle-aged emperor. And now he was the companion and still the evil genius of a middle-aged crown prince who hated and dominated an old emperor. So Jord Commason, in his air car, which in mother-of-pearl finish and gold-and-lumetron ornamentation needed no coat of arms as owner's identification, surveyed the lands that were his, and the miles of rolling wheat that were his, and the huge threshers and harvesters that were his, and the tenant-farmers and machine-tenders that were his – and considered his problems cautiously. Beside him, his bent and withered chauffeur guided the ship gently through the upper winds and smiled. Jord Commason spoke to the wind, the air, and the sky, â€Å"You remember what I told you, Inchney?† Inchney's thin gray hair wisped lightly in the wind. His gap-toothed smile widened in its thin-lipped fashion and the vertical wrinkles of his cheeks deepened as though he were keeping an eternal secret from himself. The whisper of his voice whistled between his teeth. â€Å"I remember, sire, and I have thought.† â€Å"And what have you thought, Inchney?† There was an impatience about the question. Inchney remembered that he had been young and handsome, and a lord on Old Trantor. Inchney remembered that he was a disfigured ancient on Neotrantor, who lived by grace of Squire Jord Commason, and paid for the grace by lending his subtlety on request. He sighed very softly. He whispered again, â€Å"Visitors from the Foundation, sire, are a convenient thing to have. Especially, sire, when they come with but a single ship, and but a single fighting man. How welcome they might be.† â€Å"Welcome?† said Commason, gloomily. â€Å"Perhaps so. But those men are magicians and may be powerful.† â€Å"Pugh,† muttered Inchney, â€Å"the mistiness of distance hides the truth. The Foundation is but a world. Its citizens are but men. If you blast them, they die.† Inchney held the ship on its course – A river was a winding sparkle below. He whispered, â€Å"And is there not a man they speak of now who stirs the worlds of the Periphery?† Commason was suddenly suspicious. â€Å"What do you know of this?† There was no smile on his chauffeur's face. â€Å"Nothing, sire. It was but an idle question.† The squire's hesitation was short. He said, with brutal directness, â€Å"Nothing you ask is idle, and your method of acquiring knowledge will have your scrawny neck in a vise yet. But – I have it! This man is called the Mule, and a subject of his had been here some months ago on a†¦ matter of business. I await another†¦ now†¦ for its conclusion.† â€Å"And these newcomers? They are not the ones you want, perhaps?† â€Å"They lack the identification they should have.† â€Å"It has been reported that the Foundation has been captured-â€Å" â€Å"I did not tell you that.† â€Å"It has been so reported,† continued Inchney, coolly, â€Å"and if that is correct, then these may be refugees from the destruction, and may be held for the Mule's man out of honest friendship.† â€Å"Yes?† Commason was uncertain. â€Å"And, sire, since it is well-known that the friend of a conqueror is but the last victim, it would be but a measure of honest self-defense. For there are such things as psychic probes, and here we have four Foundation brains. There is much about the Foundation it would be useful to know, much even about the Mule. And then the Mule's friendship would be a trifle the less overpowering.† Commason, in the quiet of the upper air, returned with a shiver to his first thought. â€Å"But if the Foundation has not fallen. If the reports are lies. It is said that it has been foretold it can not fall.† â€Å"We are past the age of soothsayers, sire.† â€Å"And yet if it did not fall, Inchney. Think! If it did not fall. The Mule made me promises, indeed-† He had gone too far, and backtracked. â€Å"That is, he made boasts. But boasts are wind and deeds are hard.† Inchney laughed noiselessly. â€Å"Deeds are hard indeed, until begun. One could scarcely find a further fear than a Galaxy-end Foundation.† â€Å"There is still the prince,† murmured Commason, almost to himself. â€Å"He deals with the Mule also, then, sire?† Commason could not quite choke down the complacent shift of features. â€Å"Not entirely. Not as I do. But he grows wilder, more uncontrollable. A demon is upon him. If I seize these people and he takes them away for his own use – for he does not lack a certain shrewdness – I am not yet ready to quarrel with him.† He frowned and his heavy cheeks bent downwards with dislike. â€Å"I saw those strangers for a few moments yesterday,† said the gray chauffeur, irrelevantly, â€Å"and it is a strange woman, that dark one. she walks with the freedom of a man and she is of a startling paleness against the dark luster of hair.† There was almost a warmth in the husky whisper of the withered voice, so that Commason turned toward him in sudden surprise. Inchney continued, â€Å"The prince, I think, would not find his shrewdness proof against a reasonable compromise. You could have the rest, if you left him the girl-â€Å" A light broke upon Commason, â€Å"A thought! Indeed a thought! Inchney, turn back! And Inchney, if all turns well, we will discuss further this matter of your freedom.† It was with an almost superstitious sense of symbolism that Commason found a Personal Capsule waiting for him in his private study when he returned. It had arrived by a wavelength known to few. Commason smiled a fat smile. The Mule's man was coming and the Foundation had indeed fallen. Bayta's misty visions, when she had them, of an Imperial palace, did not jibe with the reality, and inside her, there was a vague sense of disappointment. The room was small, almost plain, almost ordinary. The palace did not even match the mayor's residence back at the Foundation – and Dagobert IX – Bayta had definite ideas of what an emperor ought to look like. He ought not look like somebody's benevolent grandfather. He ought not be thin and white and faded – or serving cups of tea with his own hand in an expressed anxiety for the comfort of his visitors. But so it was. Dagobert IX chuckled as he poured tea into her stiffly outheld cup. â€Å"This is a great pleasure for me, my dear. It is a moment away from ceremony and courtiers. I have not had the opportunity for welcoming visitors from my outer provinces for a time now. My son takes care of these details now that I'm older. You haven't met my son? A fine boy. Headstrong, perhaps. But then he's young. Do you care for a flavor capsule? No?† Toran attempted an interruption, â€Å"Your imperial majesty-â€Å" â€Å"Yes?† â€Å"Your imperial majesty, it has not been our intention to intrude upon you-â€Å" â€Å"Nonsense, there is no intrusion. Tonight there will be the official reception, but until then, we are free. Let's see, where did you say you were from? It seems a long time since we had an official reception. You said you were from the Province of Anacreon?† â€Å"From the Foundation, your imperial majesty!† â€Å"Yes, the Foundation. I remember now. I had it located. It is in the Province of Anacreon. I have never been there. My doctor forbids extensive traveling. I don't recall any recent reports from my viceroy at Anacreon. How are conditions there?† he concluded anxiously. â€Å"Sire,† mumbled Toran, â€Å"I bring no complaints.† â€Å"That is gratifying. I will commend my viceroy.† Toran looked helplessly at Ebling Mis, whose brusque voice rose. â€Å"Sire, we have been told that it will require your permission for us to visit the Imperial University Library on Trantor.† â€Å"Trantor?† questioned the emperor, mildly, â€Å"Trantor?† Then a look of puzzled pain crossed his thin face. â€Å"Trantor?† he whispered. â€Å"I remember now. I am making plans now to return there with a flood of ships at my back. You shall come with me. Together we will destroy the rebel, Gilmer. Together we shall restore the empire!† His bent back had straightened. His voice had strengthened. For a moment his eyes were hard. Then, he blinked and said softly, â€Å"But Gilmer is dead. I seem to remember – Yes. Yes! Gilmer is dead! Trantor is dead – For a moment, it seemed – Where was it you said you came from?† Magnifico whispered to Bayta, â€Å"Is this really an emperor? For somehow I thought emperors were greater and wiser than ordinary men.† Bayta motioned him quiet. She said, â€Å"If your imperial majesty would but sign an order permitting us to go to Trantor, it would avail greatly the common cause.† â€Å"To Trantor?† The emperor was blank and uncomprehending. â€Å"Sire, the Viceroy of Anacreon, in whose name we speak, sends word that Gilmer is yet alive-â€Å" â€Å"Alive! Alive!† thundered Dagobert. â€Å"Where? It will be war!† â€Å"Your imperial majesty, it must not yet be known. His whereabouts are uncertain. The viceroy sends us to acquaint you of the fact, and it is only on Trantor that we may find his hiding place. Once discovered-â€Å" â€Å"Yes, yes – He must be found-† The old emperor doddered to the wall and touched the little photocell with a trembling finger. He muttered, after an ineffectual pause, â€Å"My servants do not come. I can not wait for them.† He was scribbling on a blank sheet, and ended with a flourished â€Å"D.† He said, â€Å"Gilmer will yet learn the power of his emperor. Where was it you came from? Anacreon? What are the conditions there? Is the name of the emperor powerful?† Bayta took the paper from his loose fingers, â€Å"Your imperial majesty is beloved by the people. Your love for them is widely known.† â€Å"I shall have to visit my good people of Anacreon, but my doctor says†¦ I don't remember what he says, but-† He looked up, his old gray eyes sharp, â€Å"Were you saying something of Gilmer?† â€Å"No, your imperial majesty.† â€Å"He shall not advance further. Go back and tell your people that. Trantor shall hold! My father leads the fleet now, and the rebel vermin Gilmer shall freeze in space with his regicidal rabble.† He staggered into a seat and his eyes were blank once more. â€Å"What was I saying?† Toran rose and bowed low, â€Å"Your imperial majesty has been kind to us, but the time allotted us for an audience is over. â€Å" For a moment, Dagobert IX looked like an emperor indeed as he rose and stood stiff-backed while, one by one, his visitors retreated backward through the door – to where twenty armed men intervened and locked a circle about them. A hand-weapon flashed- To Bayta, consciousness returned sluggishly, but without the â€Å"Where am I?† sensation. She remembered clearly the odd old man who called himself emperor, and the other men who waited outside. The arthritic tingle in her finger joints meant a stun pistol. She kept her eyes closed, and listened with painful attention to the voices. There were two of them. One was slow and cautious, with a slyness beneath the surface obsequity. The other was hoarse and thick, almost sodden, and blurted out in viscous spurts. Bayta liked neither. The thick voice was predominant. Bayta caught the last words, â€Å"He will live forever, that old madman. It wearies me. It annoys me. Commason, I will have it. I grow older, too.† â€Å"Your highness, let us first see of what use these people are. It may be we shall have sources of strength other than your father still provides.† The thick voice was lost in a bubbling whisper. Bayta caught only the phrase, † -the girl-† but the other, fawning voice was a nasty, low, running chuckle followed by a comradely, near-patronizing, â€Å"Dagobert, you do not age. They lie who say you are not a youth of twenty.† They laughed together, and Bayta's blood was an icy trickle. Dagobert – your highness – The old emperor had spoken of a headstrong son, and the implication of the whispers now beat dully upon her. But such things didn't happen to people in real life- Toran's voice broke upon her in a slow, hard current of cursing. She opened her eyes, and Toran's, which were upon her, showed open relief. He said, fiercely, â€Å"This banditry will be answered by the emperor. Release us.† It dawned upon Bayta that her wrists and ankles were fastened to wall and floor by a tight attraction field. Thick Voice approached Toran. He was paunchy, his lower eyelids puffed darkly, and his hair was thinning out. There was a gay feather in his peaked hat, and the edging of his doublet was embroidered with silvery metal-foam. He sneered with a heavy amusement. â€Å"The emperor? The poor, mad emperor?† â€Å"I have his pass. No subject may hinder our freedom.† â€Å"But I am no subject, space-garbage. I am the regent and crown prince and am to be addressed as such. As for my poor silly father, it amuses him to see visitors occasionally. And we humor him. It tickles his mock-imperial fancy. But, of course, it has no other meaning.† And then he was before Bayta, and she looked up at him contemptuously. He leaned close and his breath was overpoweringly minted. He said, â€Å"Her eyes suit well, Commason – she is even prettier with them open. I think she'll do. It will be an exotic dish for a jaded taste, eh?† There was a futile surge upwards on Toran's part, which the crown prince ignored and Bayta felt the iciness travel outward to the skin. Ebling Mis was still out; head lolling weakly upon his chest, but, with a sensation of surprise, Bayta noted that Magnifico's eyes were open, sharply open, as though awake for many minutes. Those large brown eyes swiveled towards Bayta and stared at her out of a doughy face. He whimpered, and nodded with his head towards the crown prince, â€Å"That one has my Visi-Sonor.† The crown prince turned sharply toward the new voice, â€Å"This is yours, monster?† He swung the instrument from his shoulder where it had hung, suspended by its green strap, unnoticed by Bayta. He fingered it clumsily, tried to sound a chord and got nothing for his pains, â€Å"Can you play it, monster?† Magnifico nodded once. Toran said suddenly, â€Å"You've rifled a ship of the Foundation. If the emperor will not avenge, the Foundation will.† It was the other, Commason, who answered slowly, â€Å"What Foundation? Or is the Mule no longer the Mule?† There was no answer to that. The prince's grin showed large uneven teeth. The clown's binding field was broken and he was nudged ungently to his feet. The Visi-Sonor was thrust into his hand. â€Å"Play for us, monster,† said the prince. â€Å"Play us a serenade of love and beauty for our foreign lady here. Tell her that my father's country prison is no palace, but that I can take her to one where she can swim in rose water – and know what a prince's love is. Sing of a prince's love, monster.† He placed one thick thigh upon a marble table and swung a leg idly, while his fatuous smiling stare swept Bayta into a silent rage. Toran's sinews strained against the field, in painful, perspiring effort. Ebling Mis stirred and moaned. Magnifico gasped, â€Å"My fingers are of useless stiffness-â€Å" â€Å"Play, monster!† roared the prince. The lights dimmed at a gesture to Commason and in the dimness he crossed his arms and waited. Magnifico drew his fingers in rapid, rhythmic jumps from end to end of the multikeyed instrument – and a sharp, gliding rainbow of light jumped across the room. A low, soft tone sounded – throbbing, tearful. It lifted in sad laughter, and underneath it there sounded a dull tolling. The darkness seemed to intensify and grow thick. Music reached Bayta through the muffled folds of invisible blankets. Gleaming light reached her from the depths as though a single candle glowed at the bottom of a pit. Automatically, her eyes strained. The light brightened, but remained blurred. It moved fuzzily, in confused color, and the music was suddenly brassy, evil – flourishing in high crescendo. The light flickered quickly, in swift motion to the wicked rhythm. Something writhed within the light. Something with poisonous metallic scales writhed and yawned. And the music writhed and yawned with it. Bayta struggled with a strange emotion and then caught herself in a mental gasp. Almost, it reminded her of the time in the Time Vault, of those last days on Haven. It was that horrible, cloying, clinging spiderweb of horror and despair. She shrunk beneath it oppressed. The music dinned upon her, laughing horribly, and the writhing terror at the wrong end of the telescope in the small circle of light was lost as she turned feverishly away. Her forehead was wet and cold. The music died. It must have lasted fifteen minutes, and a vast pleasure at its absence flooded Bayta. Light glared, and Magnifico's face was close to hers, sweaty, wild-eyed, lugubrious. â€Å"My lady,† he gasped, â€Å"how fare you?† â€Å"Well enough,† she whispered, â€Å"but why did you play like that?† She became aware of the others in the room. Toran and Mis were limp and helpless against the wall, but her eyes skimmed over them. There was the prince, lying strangely still at the foot of the table. There was Commason, moaning wildly through an open, drooling mouth. Commason flinched, and yelled mindlessly, as Magnifico took a step towards him. Magnifico turned, and with a leap, turned the others loose. Toran lunged upwards and with eager, taut fists seized the landowner by the neck, â€Å"You come with us. We'll want you – to make sure we get to our ship.† Two hours later, in the ship's kitchen, Bayta served a walloping homemade pie, and Magnifico celebrated the return to space by attacking it with a magnificent disregard of table manners. â€Å"Good, Magnifico?† â€Å"Um-m-m-m!† â€Å"Magnifico?† â€Å"Yes, my lady?† â€Å"What was it you played back there?† The clown writhed, â€Å"I†¦ I'd rather not say. I learned it once, and the Visi-Sonor is of an effect upon the nervous system most profound. Surely, it was an evil thing, and not for your sweet innocence, my lady.† â€Å"Oh, now, come, Magnifico. I'm not as innocent as that. Don't flatter so. Did I see anything like what they saw?† â€Å"I hope not. I played it for them only. If you saw, it was but the rim of it – from afar.† â€Å"And that was enough. Do you know you knocked the prince out?† Magnifico spoke grimly through a large, muffling piece of pie. â€Å"I killed him, my lady.† â€Å"What?† She swallowed, painfully. â€Å"He was dead when I stopped, or I would have continued. I cared not for Commason. His greatest threat was death or torture. But, my lady, this prince looked upon you wickedly, and-† he choked in a mixture of indignation and embarrassment. Bayta felt strange thoughts come and repressed them sternly. â€Å"Magnifico, you've got a gallant soul.† â€Å"Oh, my lady.† He bent a red nose into his pie, but, somehow did not eat. Ebling Mis stared out the port. Trantor was near – its metallic shine fearfully bright. Toran was standing there, too. He said with dull bitterness, â€Å"We've come for nothing, Ebling. The Mule's man precedes us.† Ebling Mis rubbed his forehead with a hand that seemed shriveled out of its former plumpness. His voice was an abstracted mutter. Toran was annoyed. â€Å"I say those people know the Foundation has fallen. I say-â€Å" â€Å"Eh?† Mis looked up, puzzled. Then, he placed a gentle hand upon Toran's wrist, in complete oblivion of any previous conversation, â€Å"Toran, I†¦ I've been looking at Trantor. Do you know†¦ I have the queerest feeling†¦ ever since we arrived on Neotrantor. It's an urge, a driving urge that's pushing and pushing inside. Toran, I can do it; I know I can do it. Things are becoming clear in my mind – they have never been so clear.† Toran stared – and shrugged. The words brought him no confidence. He said, tentatively, â€Å"Mis?† â€Å"Yes?† â€Å"You didn't see a ship come down on Neotrantor as we left?† Consideration was brief. â€Å"No.† â€Å"I did. Imagination, I suppose, but it could have been that Filian ship.† â€Å"The one with Captain Han Pritcher on it?† â€Å"The one with space knows who upon it. Magnifico's information – It followed us here, Mis.† Ebling Mis said nothing, Toran said strenuously, â€Å"is there anything wrong with you? Aren't you well?† Mis's eyes were thoughtful, luminous, and strange. He did not answer.

Modernisme in de architectuur

InleidingHet modernisme in de architectuur, dat zijn ontstaan vond rond de jaren '20 new wave vorige eeuw, maakt vandaag de dag duidelijk deel uit new wave de architectuurgeschiedenis en is op deze manier deel van de traditie dice zich onbewust voortzet in ons denken over architectuur. De kerngedachte new wave het modernisme is genuine rain trees met zijn grootste pionier, Le Corbusier, gestorven. Het modernisme is een belangrijke inspiratiebron geweest voor verscheidene denkers in architectuur nut daarbuiten. Omdat ze voor een radicale breuk zorgde met de bestaande traditie in het denken over architectuur en het realiseren van idee & A ; euml ; n. Maar na onderzoek te verrichten binnen het modernisme, blijkt Er een verschil Te zijn tussen het schoolse voorbeeld new wave modernisme en de toepassing op woningen. Zo vindt work forces de footing ideologie wel terug, maar hanteert work forces in woningen zachtere en voorzichtigere toepassingen. pDe kerngedachte new wave het modernisme stond haaks op wat de overblijfselen van de 19de eeuwse architectuur, dice zich vooral richtte op de fa & A ; ccedil ; aden new wave woningen, ons toont. Er was niet veel sprake van leef- nut woonkwaliteit, en de modernisten trachtten hierin een verandering Te brengen, heated interieur moest ALSs een woonmachine beschouwd worden. Hierbij krijgt het functionele karakter voorrang op de vorm, waarbij licht, lucht en zicht vooropgesteld werd. Ontwerpers verlaten heated decoration en zoeken naar eenvoud en eerlijkheid. Sobere en geometrische vormgeving wordt verwezenlijkt door het gebruik new wave moderne materialen. Op vlak new wave interieur betekende dot vooral digital audiotape Er meer unfastened ruimtes gecre & A ; euml ; erd werden, muren worden weggelaten, elektrisch licht die vanuit techniek omgezet wordt naar vormgeving. Inbouwmeubilair werd niet langer beschouwd ALSs een meubel, maar nam plaats in ALSs onderdeel van de ontworpen ruimte. Nog een belangrijke aanpassing was een eigen voordeur ALSs onderdeel van de identiteit van elke woning, wat voorheen niet gebruikelijk was. Het modernisme diende ALSs inspiratiebron op gebied new wave vorment aal, werkwijze en materialen in de latere stromingen. Vele new wave deze stromingen zijn echter een zwak afstammeling new wave wat het modernisme voor de architectuur betekend heeft. Wat de modernisten vaak verweten wordt, is dat de ruimtes die ze verwezenlijkten niet bestemd waren om in te wonen. De oorzaak is volgens ons te vinden bij de oorsprong van Hun inspiratie. Modernisten hanteerden Principes die afgeleid waren van gebouwen dice de tand diethylstilbestrols tijd doorstaan hebben. Zo vond Le Corbusier zijn typologie uit tempels, die voor hem zuiverheid voorstelden. Ook Mies Van der Rohe tekende ruimtes die een meerwaarde bieden, maar dice niet gebouwd zijn met de noden new wave een samenleving in het achterhoofd. Ze zijn het merchandise new wave een denken, en zijn dus logischerwijze ook een merchandise new wave de tijd waarin Mies new wave de Rohe leefde. Maar anderzijds Wilde hij zich bezighouden met de architectuur op zich, en niet met de fenomenen dice zich aandienden in de maatschappij. Zijn architectuur is op een bepaalde wijze volmaakt en correct, en cyberspace daarom wordt ze onbewoonbaar. Le Corbusier, echter, hield er geschriften op na waaruit zijn diepgaande interesse in de maatschappij bleek en de mate waarin zijn architectuur in die maatschappij voluit kon functioneren. Standaardisatie is, kort omschreven, wat Le Corbusier propageerde een kleine honderd jaar geleden. En dot is juist de paradox van het modernisme. Enerzijds brengt het vernieuwing teweeg, gesteund door idealisme digital audiotape onze grenzen verlegt. Maar eenmaal dice vernieuwing voor weelde zorgt, verdwijnt het idealisme. De vernieuwing verspreidt zich niet meer, maar evolueert ter plaatse. Een belangrijke zijstroming new wave het modernisme, is heated functionalisme, ook wel het Nieuwe Bouwen genoemd. Deze term wordt in de Nederlandse architectuurgeschiedenis gehanteerd tussen 1925 en 1940 voor modernistische architectuur binnen Nederland. Het gaat niet noodzakelijk om een nieuwe bouwstijl, maar eerder een nieuwe bouworganisatie, die een antwoord moest bieden aan de economische en demografische schaalvergroting, die problematisch bleek in die tijd. De aanhangers van heated modernisme waren er van overtuigd digital audiotape de stijgende bevolkingsdensiteit niet langer kon gehuisvest worden, indien work forces bleef vasthouden aan de gebruikelijke manier new wave bouwen. Standaardisatie en schaalvergroting stonden centraal bij het functionalisme. De voorgestelde oplossingen bleken echter radicaal. Ze richtten zich op collectieve bouw, met praktische indeling, comfort en licht. De publieke ruimte werd voorzien new wave parken en pleinen. Ontwerpers trachtten de confrontatie met de straat, dice in hun ogen Te direct was, te veranderen. Zonlicht en natuur dienden de agressiviteit van de straten te verzachten. Naar woningen toe werd dot uitgebreid door ruim verglaasde gevels te plaatsen. Zadeldaken, schoorstenen nut donkere gevels werden vervangen door pleisterwerk, glas- nut metaalconstructies. In de ogen new wave modernisten waren dot, stuk voor stuk, nederige materialen dice waardevol bleken vanwege de inherente schoonheid van Hun lijnvoering en vormgeving die ze teweeg brachten.1 De gebouwen hadden een zwaar uiterlijk, maar stonden dankzij staal- en gewapend betonconstructies verheven boven heated straatniveau. Architecten die tot het Nieuwe Bouwen gerekend werden, vonden steun bij het Bauhaus en Le Corbusier. Ze groepeerden zich in ‘de 8 en Opbouw ‘ , waaronder Van Eesteren, B. Bijvoet, J. Duikers, W. Van Tijen, J.J. Van Loghem, J.J.P. Oud, J.A. Brinkman en L.C. Van der Vlught. Deze laatste twee hebben de Van Nellefabriek in Rotterdam verwezenlijkt en zijn zeker noemenswaardige architecten binnen deze stijl. Wat ze voor ons in deze essay belangrijk maakt, zijn Hun bewoonbare woontypologie. Een new wave dice huizen is heated inmiddels gerestaureerde woonmuseum Huis Sonneveld. Het huis Sonneveld is ondertussen een boegbeeld geworden voor het Nieuwe Bouwen.Huis SonneveldOm het modernisme in zijn totaal beeld beter te begrijpen, leek het ons het beste een concreet voorbeeld te bespreken en hierin alle aspecten new wave het tijdsbeeld duidelijk Te maken. De verwezenlijking dat ons hiervoor uitermate geschikt scallion, is heated reeds eerder vermelde huis Sonneveld. Sonneveld is gelegen aan de Jongkindstraat nabij heated museumpark in Rotterdam. De woning werd omstreeks 1933 ontworpen door het architectenbureau Brinkman en Van der Vlugt. Zij hadden eveneens de fabriek ontworpen voor Albertus Sonneveld. Deze laatste was zodoende tevreden digital audiotape hij een verzoek deed om zijn woning ook Te ontwerpen. A. Sonneveld was een vicedirecteur van de Van Nellefabriek in Rotterdam. Door zijn reizen naar Amerika wist hij wat Er zich afspeelde op gebied new wave hygi & A ; euml ; ne, luxe en comfort. Van zijn functionalistische architecten verwachte hij ook niet anders dan dat dot ook werd toegepast op zijn woning. De opdrachtgever was gefascineerd door technologie dice het dagelijkse leven kon vereenvoudigen. Huis Sonneveld wordt gekenmerkt door ‘gesamtkunstwerk ‘ . De betrokken architecten hebben weliswaar niet alles zelf ontworpen, maar waren bij moose aspect new wave de woning betrokken. Op deze manier hebben ze doorheen het hele gebouw Hun stempel opdrukken. De woning wordt gekenmerkt door licht, lucht en ruimte. De vaststelling bleek duidelijk door het kijken naar de architectuur, het kleurgebruik en het interieur met modernistisch meubilair. Als we enkel naar het exterieur new wave het gebouw kijken, merken we veel gelijkenissen op met de bekendere designer, Le Corbusier. Huis Sonneveld werd opgebouwd uit drie bouwlagen met bovenop een dakterras. De voor- nut achtergevel zijn witgepleisterd en bevatten bandramen om een relatie Te cre & A ; euml ; ren tussen binnen nut buiten. Le Corbusier ontwierp woonmodules gelijkaardig aan waaruit deze woning is opgebouwd. De woonmodules worden op elkaar gestapeld en work forces tracht de buitenwereld binnen Te halen. Vandaag is er niet veel meer new wave Te merken, aangezien de natuurlijke omgeving in Rotterdam heeft plaatsgemaakt voor een museumpark. De toegepaste panoramavensters, het dakterras, de witte gevel en een vrij program, vinden we ook reeds terug in de pijlers van Le Corbusier. Om een vrij program te verzekeren werd een staalskelet toegepast. Betonvloeren verzekerde grotere overspanningen, waarbij work forces de aftekening new wave de bekisting in sommige ruimtes nog zichtbaar liet. Er wordt gespeeld met een verbinding tussen binnen en buiten, deels door een accurate toepassing new wave glas, anderzijds door unfastened elementen te hanteren. Alle vertrekken staan in directe toegang met de tuin of de verscheidene terrassen. Deze verbinding geeft digital audiotape de woning verlengd wordt new wave het interieur naar buiten toe. De ruime en talrijke buitenruimtes bieden lucht en ruimte aan het geheel. Behalve de woning, werd ook de tuin en het volledige interieur ontworpen door de architecten Brinkman en Van der Vlugt.Beschrijving ontwerpDe ideologie new wave het modernisme, het Nieuwe Bouwen, is duidelijk terug Te vinden in heated interieur new wave Huis Sonneveld. Zo werd er gebruik gemaakt new wave materialen dice het tijdperk kenmerken. In de woning treffen we betonnen vloeren, stalen kolommen en stalen kozijnen aan. Die kozijnen zijn inmiddels tijdens de restauratie vervangen door aluminum kozijnen. Door de toepassing new wave een stalen skeletbouw werd de woning vrijgesteld new wave dragende wanden. Zoals het werd voorgedaan door Le Corbusier, werd de binnenruimte ingedeeld met een vrij program en bandramen, die een overvloedige lichtinval verzekeren. Het Platte dhak biedt een plaats voor heated dakterras. Van de drie bouwlagen, is de begane grond new wave het huis de enige dice geen woonfunctie bevatte, vergelijkbaar met Villa Savoie new wave Le Corbusier dat enkele jaren voordien werd opgeleverd. Op dot niveau bevond zich de inkom, een garage en de dienstenvertrekken. Ook bevond zich hier de studeerruimte van de dochters Sonneveld. Aan de benedenverdieping te zien, is heated duidelijk digital audiotape het hier om een kapitaalkrachtig gezin ging. De twee bedienden dice steeds aanwezig waren in de woning beschikten over een eigen slaapkamer en een bescheiden leefruimte, afgescheiden new wave de werkgevers. Deze verdieping onderscheidt zich new wave de bovenliggende verdiepingen dice de woning huisvesten van de familie Sonneveld. Work force ontving gasten in de hal, waarna deze via de trap naar de woonvertrekken van het gezin kon worden geleid. Deze brede trap is bekleed met zwart marmer, waar gum elastic op stroken is bevestigd om het geluid Te dempen. De trap draait ALSs een schroef door het hele huis. De centrale as is unfastened en de glanzend chromen leuningen werken ALSs feestelijke serpentines, die de vorm begeleiden. Voor het personeel was er een apart trappenhuis voorzien om zich in alle bescheidenheid over de verdiepingen Te begeven. Deze stond in directe verbinding met de keuken en een elektrische lift voor de afgeleverde goederen. Work force had echt nagedacht over circulatie, privateness en voornamelijk technologie. De indeling new wave deze verdieping werd unfastened opgevat. De ontwerper concipieerde een leefniveau met vloeiende overgangen. Men kiest voor een enkele leefruimte Te ontwerpen, waarbinnen alle handelingen kunnen gebeuren, maar waarbij work forces steeds opteert de connecties van an dere functies te betrekken. Echter blijkt wel digital audiotape Er hier een beetje voorzichtig werd omgesprongen met die openheid. Er is namelijk een afscheidende schuifwand aanwezig. Hierin onderscheidt het Huis Sonneveld zich wel met het modernisme in vergelijking met Le Corbusier, waarbij meer gedurfd wordt Te experimenteren met het vrije program. Aan de andere kant kan dot ook toespelen op de discussie, i.v.m. de leefbaarheid van het modernisme. De schuifwand scheidt namelijk de woonkamer af van de bibliotheek en de eetkamer, waardoor binnen het gezin een soort new wave privateness kan gegarandeerd worden. De meubels dice in deze ruimte zijn geplaatst, werden door de architecten en de opdrachtgever uitgekozen via een catalogus new wave Gispen Dat voor A. Sonneveld technische voorzieningen een vereiste was, is eerder al vermeld. Maar wat opmerkelijk blijft, is de doorgedrevenheid new wave dice technische voorzieningen. Zo zou de woning vandaag nog steeds beschouwd kunnen worden ALSs een luxewoning. Een ingebouwde luidspreker verbond tien telefoontoestellen, voor de communicatie binnenshuis. Twee andere telefoontoestellen verzorgde communicatie met de buitenwereld. De goederenlift dice zich naast de openhaard bevond, werd gebruikt om hout vanuit de kelder naar boven aan te voeren. De keuken werd op alle manieren ALSs een laboratorium beschouwd. De oorspronkelijke aankleding new wave de keukenkastjes bestond uit stalen deurtjes, die nadien bij restauratie vervangen werden door houten panelen. Ook de aparte circulatie new wave het dienstpersoneel doet dot vermoeden. Vanuit de keuken kon eten worden doorgegeven via een luik naar de eetkamer toe. Op de bovenste verdieping, bevonden zich de grote slaapkamer, kleedkamer en badkamer new wave de ouders evenals de slaapkamers en aparte badkamer new wave de dochters. In deze badkamer waren een ligbad, een lavatory en twee wastafels beschikbaar. Ook was er een logeerkamer en een linnenkamer aanwezig. Op het dhak werd Er ook een dakterras voorzien. Maar ook op de eerste en tweede verdieping waren buitenruimten gecre & A ; euml ; erd, onder de vorm new wave balkons. De slaapkamers van de dochters waren beiden ingericht met identieke meubels en hier zijn ingebouwde kasten een deel new wave het geheel. De dochters bezaten elk over een Eigen balkon. Aan de andere kant new wave de gang van deze verdieping bevond zich de riante slaapkamer van de ouders. Deze bezat aan twee zijden een buitenterras. Vanuit de ruime slaapkamer was ook een Eigen badkamer bereikbaar voor de ouders. Deze badkamer symboliseerde in de jaren '30 de apotheose van het modernisme. Ze was ruimer dan de andere badkamer, bezat eveneens een ligbad. Een ultramoderne Amerikaanse douche vervolledigde het tijdsbeeld. De douche bezat 1 grote douchekop en werd aangevuld met 9 massagesproeikoppen.Vernieuwingen in materialenIn het huis werd moeite noch geld gespaard om de nieuwste materialen en technieken voor Te stellen. In tegenstelling tot donkere parketvloeren met handgemaakte tapijten, vindt work forces hier vloeren uit linoleum en gum elastic. De leidingen werden doordacht weggestoken in schachten, die soortgelijk waren aan hedendaagse leidingschachten. Deze detaillering werd nagedaan new wave fabrieksontwerpen. Behalve de studeerkamer van de dochters, werd Er in elke kamer een linoleum of rubberen vloer gelegd. Dit materiaal was in die tijd vrij duur en werd tot dan Department of Energy enkel geplaatst in ziekenhuizen, vanwege zijn hygi & A ; euml ; nische kenmerken. Linoleum is ook niet vochtdoorlatend nut werd naar onderhoud toe Ge & A ; euml ; xalteerd door gebruikers. De bewoners bevonden dot materiaal eerder kaal en ongezellig. Er werd daarom geopteerd om de ruimte aan te kleden met een heater materiaal, digital audiotape een leefbaarder antwoord bood. Moderne tapijten bleken de geschiktste aankleding. Het meubilair en de verlichting werden door Gispen ontworpen. Meestal ging het over een meubelstuk digital audiotape verkrijgbaar was in de bestaande Handel new wave Gispen, maar sommige meubels werden aangepast aan de visie van de architecten. Gispen begon Al in een vroeg bowl new wave het modernisme Te experimenteren met moderne verlichting. Hij stelde zijn lampontwerpen rain trees uit zuivere vormen. Liefst waren zijn creaties zuiver geometrisch opgebouwd, zoals van een modernist werd geacht. De buislampen, die reeds veel weg hebben new wave TL-lampen, in Huis Sonneveld, zijn van de manus new wave Gispen. Zijn bewondering voor de buisstoelen van Marcel Breuer, zorgde ervoor dat hij zelf begon Te experimenteren met buismeubelen. In 1928 startte de productie van zijn stalen buismeubelen. De stalen buismeubelen paste door vormgeving, functionaliteit en transparantie bij het Nieuwe Bouwen. Door met een minimal aan materiaal een stoel Te ontwerpen werd een unfastened structuur verkregen. Verder maakte een minimalisering new wave stoffering, glanzende chroomafwerking en de toepassing new wave transparante tafelbladen, het mogelijk om de meubels seriematig Te produceren. De serieproductie gaf ook aanleiding om heated produceren new wave een catalogus, waardoor nieuwe meubels toegankelijker werden voor het grote publiek. Het algemene devies ven heated Nieuwe bouwen: â€Å" licht, lucht en ruimte † werd hier wel gealterneerd in een luxe uitvoering ervan: â€Å" sfeer, hygi & A ; euml ; ne en comfort † .2 Kenmerken die A. Sonneveld eiste. Het totaalconcept moest ook kloppen en work forces ging zelfs zo ver digital audiotape Er ook serviesgoed en glazen speciaal werden ontworpen.KleurgebruikHet kleurgebruik werd voor de restauratie geanalyseerd om de juiste kleuren te kunnen weergeven, aangezien de tijd ervoor had gezorgd dat kleuren vervaagden of overschilderd werden. Het kleurenprogramma van Huis Sonneveld werd ontworpen door kunstenaar Bart new wave der Leck. Volgens de restauratiearchitect, Joris Molenaar, kan heated kleurgebruik opgedeeld worden in drie zones. De eerste zone was de woonkamer, de tweede zone betrof de eetkamer en studio en de laatste zone bestond uit de dienstenvertrekken. De woonkamer met bijhorende bibliotheek werd uitgebeeld in aardtinten. Bruin, brons en beige waren de aangenamere versies van heated puristische humor, waar door modernisten zo graag naar werd gegrepen. Elk item new wave deze ruimte werd door een kleurenschema bepaalt, zo zijn de gordijnen, de tapijten en zelfs de schuifwand in diezelfde kleuren. De bekleding new wave de meubels steekt een beetje meer af ten opzichte van de sobere ruimte, maar blijven steeds binnen hetzelfde thema. De volgende kleurgroep spreidt zich over de eetkamer en de studio. In tegenstelling tot het vorige kleurenschema, waar de kleuren aan elkaar aangepast waren, domineren de kleuren de ruimte hier. Primaire kleuren confronteren de pasteltinten die aanwezig zijn. Tenslotte werden de dienstvertrekken uitgevoerd in beige met ALSs accentkleur dieprood. Op de gangen wordt datzelfde ecru gecombineerd met gele deurvlakken. In elk facet new wave het huis is even modern en conceptueel opgevat, zo werd Er opgemerkt digital audiotape de kleedkamer van de ouders en de badkamer van de dochters afweek new wave het kleurenschema. De kleedkamer werd uitgevoerd in appelgroen. De badkamer new wave de meisjes werd dan weer bekleed met bolle tegeltjes in een pastelgroen. Deze twee vertrekken lijken eerder Art Nouveau dan Modernisme.

The Origins of American Exceptionalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Origins of American Exceptionalism - Essay Example There are a number of arguments that have been developed that aims at explaining the history of the exceptionalism in America (Holland 53). Hector, a renowned historian, claims that the idea of exceptionalism in America did not occur because of power that America had. According to his view, America started from a very humble background. He claimed the history of America is very ironic as compared to that of the Europe. He claims that America had no great lords who possess everything, no great manufacturers employing thousands, and no great refinements of luxury. Principally, according to Hector, America did not had the kind of power it possess in the present time. However, because of its spirit of industry and work, America began to expand and grow economically, socially and other aspects of life began improving. According to hector, the phenomenon of exceptionalism came about due to the ability of America to accept the emigrants from other countries. Their elusively commercial habit s seem to divert the pursuit of science, proximity to Europe, literature, and arts, which allows them to neglect these pursuit without even relapsing into barbarism. American education, wants, and everything about him unites in drawing the native of the United States earthward. Farming was the initial economic activity that enabled most of the Americans to develop (Holland 63). Franklin is another great historian who made great effort towards finding out the source or history of exceptionalism. Most of his arguments were because the increase in the population of America is one of the main reasons making an American exceptionalism. He attributed the concept of exceptionalism to the fact that plenty of cheap land encourages people to have children and hence enhances the population of people. Franklin summarizes his argument by concluding that employment and better crop production techniques were some of the main factors that made America reach the current level (Ignatieff 13). He furt her states that there were extra foods that could b used to feed Americans and hence resulting in a strong nation that can rely on its own. Idea of diversification is also another element of exceptionalism. Franklin argues that prospect of good subsistence is another factor that played a role in making America an exceptional state as far as power is concerned. It is clear that most of the arguments made by Franklin are inclined to the means of earning a living. This means that the ability to provide for the children and the family is directly proportional to the power of the America. This is justified by the quote he made that state that America would not improve unless the new comers are more industrious and have mid frugality than the native. This statement means the main source of power in America is the hard work and industrious nature of the American. Unlike Hector, Franklin believed that increase in population compounded by hard work is the main source of exceptionalism (Holla nd 53). Drummer, another historian claims that the principle of exceptionalism can be traced back to the time of charter colonies. the reason why drummer fought for the charter colonies to remain is the fact that this colonies were from New England, which despite the fact that it didn’t produce sugar, it helps other islands that do, and without their assistance they could not make it to produce sufficient quantities and cheap enough to answer the markets in Europe. They was

Quantitative Easing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Quantitative Easing - Essay Example Right now, the Fed has cut significance rates as far as they can go and the financial system is still under pressure. This identifies as the â€Å"zero bound.† The Fed cannot go any worse meaning that it has reached its end point. In this situation, the central bank can try quantitative moderation (Wieland & National Bureau of Economic Research, 2009, 2). This is because the centralized set aside can just generate dollars out of thin air. It buys up properties like long-term treasuries or mortgage-backed protection from viable banks and other institutions. This pumps cash into the U.S. savings and reduces lasting interest rates added (Shirakawa & Ginko, 2009, 4). Usually, central banks attempt to increase the quantity of lending and movement in the economy circuitously. Lower interest rates give confidence people to spend, not keep (Shirakawa & Ginko?, 2002, 34). Confident people or investors are always risking which is the reason why they succeed in terms of business. Once the interest rates alleviates, the central bank’s only alternative is to push cash into the market directly. That is what is termed as quantitative easing (QE). The method employed by the central bank is extremely effective because it helps maintain economic standards and lessens market fluctuations. The technique employed by the central bank is through buying property. Usually, the properties purchased are government bonds by means of cash that is generated through business done out of slight atmosphere. The institutions advertising those bonds; will afterward have "original" cash in their accounts. This money will then boosts the cash supply. Earlier on before 200 8, quantitative easing had never been tried in the UK. Is it Printing Money? Nowadays the Bank of England is not obligated to accurately print cash; it is all prepared electronically. These economists still quarrel that quantitative easing is the same view as printing currency. This is on purpose development of the central bank's balance sheet and the economic support (Trefgarne & Centre for Policy Studies, 2009, 67). How it Works Under quantitative easing, a central bank purchases administration bonds from personal segment companies or institutions. The most outstanding participants include insurance companies, allowance finances and High Street banks. This amplified require for the government bonds to be pushed up by their significance (Nakazono, Ueda & Ginko, 2011, 45). These companies lend to individuals, instead of purchase any more of the bonds. The individuals spend the cash for investments which helps stabilize the economy. The anticipation is that, with banks, allowance fun ds and insurance firms become excited about lending to companies and persons. How to tell if it has Worked The bank of England report into the result of its first round of quantitative easing recommended that they had helped to boost the UK's annual financial output. This was done by involving, 1.5% and 2%, representative that the effects of the involuntary had been "reasonably necessary". Yet some analysts have complained that because quantitative easing started in the UK in 2008 lending to businesses and private has remained lethargic (Trefgarne & Centre for Policy Studies, 2009, 78). The basic information is no-one knows how awful the UK market would have been without quantitative easing. As BBC finances, Editor Stephanie Flanders said: "Quantitative easing might have saved the market from a credit-led despair. One of the things of quantitative easing is to push up the market value of administration bonds and accordingly to push down acquiesce they grant investors. Effects

Practitioner Values in Dementia - Portfolio 2 Essay

Practitioner Values in Dementia - Portfolio 2 - Essay Example 872). These symptoms have been very evident on one of my residential home care patients named Ms. X. Ms. X is an 80-year old residential home care patient who is pleasant and receptive. She does not want to ask the help of others frequently but acknowledges the advice of the medical practitioners. Although her doctor told her that she has memory problems, Ms. X reports that it does not affect her daily life, except that her niece has to remind her of most of the things to do like turning the stove after cooking, closing the faucets, and even looking for her eyeglasses. Ms. X does not want to take a bath. Often, she would yell at me if I tell her that it’s time to take a bath. As she is receptive towards the help of others, she always insists on dressing up herself but got confuse and wears her underwear over her regular clothes. She wants to do the cooking and laundry in the nursing home but her frequent forgetfulness often leads to accidents such as making the residential hom e care at risk for fire and switching the powdered milk for laundry detergent. When I would remind her of these things that she cannot do, she would yell at me and humiliate my caring abilities. I felt much stressed about the full-time responsibilities of caring for Ms. X in the residential home care setting and this stress has escalated over the past few months because of the frequent yelling of Ms. X. She is also very impatient towards the nursing care I’ve given to her and there comes a time when I would like to quit from caring her but got guilty feelings towards these thoughts as there is no nearby family who could help her. In a case like this, I began to question myself of how would I personally explore and incorporate issues relating to my best interest, advocacy, and empowerment. Then, maybe, I have not yet fully understand the situation of Ms. X. I could have understood her clinical situations but not her personal shortcomings. It was not easy to have dementia and w orst, to be far away from your family which serves as your major social support in life. In addition, it must be also sad for her that she does not have a partner in life which could help her in her fight for dementia. If I would explore and incorporate issues related to my best interest, I would probably resign and request to not take good care of Ms. X as her frequent yelling is humiliating my status and morals as a nurse. However, I also think that staying and caring for her would also be promoting my best interest as this experience will help me grow professionally and will guide me in handling future patients with dementia. In the latest report of (http://nursingstandard.rcnpublishing.co.uk, 2013), the nurse has the full responsibility in exploring and incorporating issues of advocacy; thus, being a patient advocate may mean that a nurse assists, defends, pleads, or prosecutes for the patient while having collaboration with other professionals. In the case of Ms. X, I should ac t as an advocate in referring to the medical provider her progress report while inside the residential h

Diversity Dimension Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Diversity Dimension - Essay Example Affirmative action refers to the various policies that are used to ensure inclusiveness in areas of business, education and employment in terms of race, religion, sex or age. Diversity in the workforce refers to the policies and practices that aim at including people with certain qualities in the workforce, which the current staff does not have. This could either be on the basis of age, disability, experience, gender or special talents. Achieving Equal Opportunity in Employment through Affirmative Action Legislation, Anti Discrimination Legislation and Managing Diversity Approaches Managing diversity in employment has become one of the most fundamental principals in human resource management in recent years. Diversity in employment is based on the principals of equal employment opportunities to everybody irrespective of inherent differences such as gender, race, religion, age, ethnicity as well as physical disabilities (Sappey et al, 2006). Businesses and companies are being encourag ed to adopt more inclusive approaches in their employment strategies so as to accommodate everybody and help do away with the negative effects of discrimination and marginalization of certain groups and individuals. In order to fully achieve inclusiveness, most companies have been encouraged to adopt policies that reflect affirmative action and those that are in line with anti discrimination laws and regulations. ... In some jurisdictions, the issue of workforce diversity has been backed with a legal foundation. Companies are expected to comply with set out legislations concerning employment procedures so as to avoid discrimination. In some cases, it’s mandatory for organizations to have guidelines and policies to ensure inclusiveness in terms of gender, race and disability (Dickens, 2000). In order to fully achieve equal opportunity in employment, organizations have to rely on affirmative action legislation and policies, anti-discrimination legislation as well as other various approached to workforce diversity management. All these three approaches (Anti-discrimination legislation, affirmative action and diversity management approaches) are the fundamental guidelines in achieving equality in the workforce. In Australia, the idea of workforce diversity has been welcomed by organizations both in the public and private sector (Strachan et al, 2010). The Department of Immigration and Citizens hip has been at the forefront at ensuring diversity at all levels of the department. This has enabled the department to be one of the best performing in the public sector (Strachan et al, 2010). Workforce diversity management can be done using various ways. The two main approaches that organizations can use to ensure inclusiveness in employment are the radical approach and the liberal approach. The liberal approach assumes that there is equal opportunity only when all individuals are able to compete for the rewards freely. According to this approach, employment should only focus on merit of individuals rather than factors such as gender, age disability or race. The radical approach o the other hand states that organizations should however strive to ensure that they not only create

History Discussion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

History Discussion - Research Paper Example The great awakening was started by the Wesley brothers, Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield in England and moved to American colonies during the 1770s (Kidd 23-24). The great awakening ushered in new era in that it allowed people to express their emotions in order to experience and feel great intimacy with God during prayers. The great awakening started at a time when people in America and Europe colonies were questioning the purpose or role of the individual in religion and society. It started at similar time with the enlightenment movement which emphasized on rationality or logic and emphasized the power of individual to realize and understand the world based on scientific laws (Wallis 55). Therefore, people grew to rely more on personal approach to spirituality and salvation rather church doctrine and dogma. In addition, the fighting between political and religious groups in England came to a halt with the onset of the glorious revolution of 1688, an occurrence which led to establishment of the Church of England as the only church of the country in turn; other religions such as Catholicism and Judaism were oppressed and suppressed. Politically, it led to stability because of everybody practiced the same religion. However, on religious front, it created complacency and spiritual hunger or dryness among believers. After some decades of religious complacency in America and England colonies, the spiritual revival or renewal of the great awakening was established (Kidd 61). The great awakening led to significance change in the American society in that it prepared them for war of independence. Many years before the war, revivalism enlightened people that they should be courageous when confronting religious authority and that when churches were still oppressing the believers and not heeding to their expectations, the people would break off and create new churches (Wallis 45). Throughout the period of great awakening, Colonist understood that

Reflect on a challenge you overcame through persistence (650 words) Essay

Reflect on a challenge you overcame through persistence (650 words) - Essay Example I read the speeches of Socrates when I entered my tenth grade. It was then that i realized that I wanted to attain a speech ability like his through which i could persuade people as to what life really is about. In the tenth grade i tried competing in the debates organized by my school but i was not encouraged a bit by my parents or teachers. When i gave the auditions of my debate for the first time in school not a single stone was unturned in humiliating me by my class mates. It was then that i was quite discouraged and went into isolation for a few days to think as to if i could achieve my goal or not. However i did not lose hope and worked on my abilities to deliver speech. My aim was to participate in the debate competition as a leading participant but this aim was laughed upon by many of my class mates. In order to grasp better skills i had to sort out certain things which i lacked when delivering speeches. I suffered from the problem of stage fear and i had to cut off this prob lem first in order to deliver the speeches. To rectify this problem i started participating in activities which had audiences viewing it. The first option was of selecting different sports and participating in different activities so i could get strong in front of the audience. This greatly helped me in the field of debates as i learned to act in certain situations. After that my very next aim was to work on my debating skills. I began reading books and increased my vocabulary so i could write a better speech which would attract the audience. I learned the basics of debating through different lessons and i was successfully able to craft speeches. I delivered my speech in front of my friends and some of them praised it. This gave a boost to me so that i could compete in the next competition. I also got the encouragement of my parents and teachers after i rehearsed in front of them. I polished my skills of debating since i passed my tenth grade and was able to deliver in my next try. It was in high school that i tried for competing in debating again and this time the try was not wasted. I received a better appreciation from the crowd but still could not make up to the final participants. I erased my stage fear and learned to act in the situations of debates. It was here that the changing point of life had arrived. The teachers realized the potential in me and gave me a chance again in the last year of my high school. I learned skills from them and delivered well in the auditions. I was then qualified finally for the participants sent through my school. Although this was my first exposure to debates nationally i learned a lot from the event. I did not get to win from the event but my goal of being a debater was fulfilled. It was then that i made a platform for me to be a debater. After I passed my high school i participated in events which were outside the territory of my school and learned a lot. I have since become a debater with the right potential. My aim of becoming a debater only became successful after I went through a lot in my life. Persistence as said by Edison was the major source of success in my life. I have learned a lot through my experience and can now successfully achieve many of the aims that i had in

The Criminal Justice Process Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Criminal Justice Process - Research Paper Example On a written complaint to the police by the victim, it is incumbent upon the police to investigate the matter. As a result of police investigation, if it is found prima facie that crime has been committed, the police may arrest the suspect on the basis of warrant of arrest issued by the judge. The police after completion of its investigation shall submit its investigation report to the office of District Attorney. The prosecuting attorney will review the investigation report to determine whether to suspect will be connected with the crime or not (Steury & Frank, 1996). If suspect connects with the crime, he / she may be sent to the prison. He / she remains in the prison until the case is decided by the competent court of law. If released on bail, the release agreement will sign by the accused criminal. The release agreement contains the conditions that accused will appear in the circuit court on due dates of hearings, will not leave the place of residence without the court permission and will not intimidate the victim in any manner whatsoever. If the defendant contacts victim, the victim has the right to report the matter to the court release officer for taking necessary action. The release agreement will be effective until the court decides the case (Walklate, 1989). The case starts when charge document against an accused is filed by the district attorney. Charge document may be in the form of complaint, information or indictment. A crime comes under the ambit of felony where one can get imprisonment for a period of more than a year. The crime committed under the felonies is manufacturing, delivering and possessing of drugs, theft, burglary, sexual assault etc. However, misdemeanor crimes (harassment, menacing and trespassing) are those where an accused cannot get sentence of incarceration of more than a year (Walklate, 1989). First appearance of a defendant in a

The main challenges to undertaking a cost-benefit analysis in the Essay

The main challenges to undertaking a cost-benefit analysis in the criminal justice sector - Essay Example The objective of the study is to present research that defines the main challenges to undertaking a cost-benefit analysis. The cost-benefit analysis will be investigated to determine what does it tell us about the economic efficiency of situational crime reduction. Furthermore, the cost-benefit analysis will be investigated to determine what does it tell us about the economic efficiency of situational crime reduction. The reduction of crime in the national level is ‘driven by policies which emphasise partnership working between police, criminal justice authorities, local authority teams and other agencies, in order to tackle offending and impact on the causes of crime’ (I&DeA 2009). The ‘total costs of crime have been estimated at ?36.2 billion per year in England and Wales’ (I&DeA 2009). Most of these cover the monetary losses to individuals, the costs of the criminal justice system, and the wider social impacts. Crime has a direct impact on victims includi ng direct physical health impacts and potentially serious mental health impacts. Moreover, crime may lead to negative health impacts to the community. ‘The direct effects of violent crime on physical health are obvious. It is estimated that 351,000 people per year attend accident and emergency departments in England and Wales following violent assaults’ (Sivarajasingam et al 2008). Most of them will have ongoing health needs as a result of being attacked. Moreover, negative psychological effects of crime are extensive. Crime victims are susceptible to suffer from serious mental health impacts, including anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder and substance abuse disorders. Crime is costly to the economy but also the measures to reduce or prevent it. The ‘potential benefits from a more valuable response to offending can be divided into various types such as benefits to the prospective offenders enabled to follow a more constructive and engaged life path , benefits to the Government from reduced spending on the Criminal Justice System and benefits to households and the private sector from reduced victimisation rates, reduced fear of crime and lower spending on crime prevention as offending falls’ (Bowles & Pradiptyo 2005). Cost benefit analysis extends CEA(cost effectiveness analysis) by attaching monetary values to the outcomes of a program. After the cost of inputs and outcome benefits have been quantified in monetary terms, a comparison of alternate interventions can be made. For example, ‘the benefit cost ratio of 1.35:1 for a burglary prevention program indicates that for every dollar spent on the program, $1.35 of benefits is received (e.g. by the avoidance of future burglaries)’(Dossetor 2011). The ‘Home Office claims that violence against women and girls costs ?40.1 billion a year’ (Whiston 2009). This includes plans to teach children about the evils of wife-beating through â€Å"educating c hildren and young people about healthy, non-violent relationships†. Gender bullying will also be tackled by teachers. The ‘?40.1 billion figure was cited recently in Saving Lives, Reducing Harm, & Protecting the Public which gave as its source the Pre-budget report and comprehensive spending review for 2007’ (Whiston 2009). The Home Office has carried out research to discover the true figure. One estimate published in 2005 in Economic and Social Costs of Crime against Individuals and Households, found that the ‘total burden of crime in 2003-04 was ?36.2 billion. Sexual offences and violence against the person together represented 60 per cent of this figure – just under ?22 billion. That includes offences against men as well as women.’ In September 2004, the Women and Equality Unit published a study by Sylvia Walby of the University of Leeds that ‘calculated the cost of domestic violence, including rape at ?5.7 billion, and loss to the eco nomy of ?2.7 billion. That is much lower than either ?40.1

Chinese Foreign Policy Essay Example for Free

Chinese Foreign Policy Essay Specific portfolio. (See â€Å"Collective Leadership.†) To ensure Party control, the top-ranked members of the PSC serve concurrently as the heads of other parts of the political system. The top ranked PSC member, Party General Secretary Hu Jintao, for example, serves concurrently as head of the military, in his capacity as head of Chairman of the Central Military Commission, and as the head of State, in his capacity as State President. The second-ranked PSC member, Wu Bangguo, serves as Chairman of the National People’s Congress (NPC), while the third-ranked PSC member, Wen Jiabao, serves as Premier of the State Council, and the fourth-ranked member, Jia Qinglin, heads the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) and oversees the Party’s relations with non-Communist groups. Portfolios for other PSC members include the propaganda system; management of the Party bureaucracy and Hong Kong and Macau; finance and economics; Party discipline; and the internal security system. 32 PSC members also head Party â€Å"Leading Small Groups† (LSGs) for their policy areas. LSGs are secretive bodies intended to facilitate cross-agency coordination in implementation of Politburo Standing Committee decisions. The National Security Leading Small Group and the Foreign Affairs Leading Small Group, for example, are both headed by Party General Secretary Hu Jintao. The next highest decision-making body is the full Politburo, which, with the suspension of the disgraced former Chongqing Party Secretary, Bo Xilai, now comprises 24 officials. In addition to the nine members of the PSC, Politburo members include the heads of major departments of the Party bureaucracy, the two highest ranking officers in the Chinese military, State Council Vice Premiers, a State Councilor, and Party leaders from important cities and provinces. The current Politburo has only one female member. Because of its relatively unwieldy size and the geographic diversity of its members, the full Politburo is not involved in day-to-day decision-making. In 2011, it met eight times, with its meetings often focused on a single major policy area or on preparations for major national meetings. According to the Party’s constitution, the PSC and Politburo derive their power from the Central Committee, whose full and alternate members together â€Å"elect† the Politburo, Politburo Standing Committee, and Party General Secretary, and â€Å"decide† on the composition of the Party’s Central Military Commission.34 In practice, incumbent top officials provide a list of nominees to the Central Committee, which ratifies the leadership’s nominees.35 The current nearly 400-member Central Committee (including alternates) is made up of leaders from the provinces (41.5%), central ministries (22.6%), the military (17.5 %), central Party organizations (5.9%), and stateowned enterprises, educational institutions, â€Å"mass organizations† such as the Communist Youth League, and other constituencies (12.4%). The National People’s Congress (NPC) The third major political institution in China is the National People’s Congress (NPC), China’s unicameral national legislature. According to Article 57 of China’s constitution, the NPC is â€Å"the highest organ of state power.† The Constitution tasks the NPC with overseeing the Presidency, the State Council, the State Central Military Commission, the Supreme People’s Court, and China’s national level public prosecutor’s office, the Supreme People’s Procuratorate. In practice, however, the NPC’s powers are severely limited, and the entire entity operates under the leadership of the Communist Party. The public theater of the NPC’s work is centered around its ten-day-long annual full session, held every March and attended by all of the NPC’s nearly 3,000 deputies. The next full session, in March 2013, will mark the start of a new five-year Congress, and is expected to approve a major leadership transition, including a new President and Premier, and new Vice Premiers and State Councilors. At the annual full sessions, NPC deputies almost always vote to approve the reports, laws, and candidates put before them, usually by overwhelming margins, leading many observers to describe the NPC as a â€Å"rubber stamp† parliament. NPC delegates do occasionally push back, however. At the March 2012 session of the NPC, for example, a record 20% of deputies withheld their support from the Ministry of Finance’s budget report, reportedly in protest over the Ministry’s longstanding refusal to accept any NPC suggestions for revisions to the budget.47 (Unlike the U.S. Congress, the National People’s Congress does not pass spending bills. Rather, at the annual full session each year, it votes to approve the budget presented by the Minister of Finance.) The NPC also makes revisions to the Premier’s annual report on the work of the government, the State’s most important policy document. Out of the public eye, individual committees and the Standing Committee exercise more meaningful influence. They shape legislation and can exercise a degree of oversight over government entities through â€Å"inspection† visits and committee reports. The power of individual NPC deputies to exercise oversight is largely restricted to the right to submit â€Å"proposals† advocating for reforms or demanding better implementation of laws or regulations, to which officials are required to respond in writing. Because the annual full session of the congress is so brief, much of the NPC’s work is undertaken by its approximately 175-member Standing Committee, which meets about half a dozen times a year.48 Other important NPC bodies include nine specialized committees and a legislative affairs work committee, all of which review and revise draft legislation before sending it to the Standing Committee or the full Congress for action. Like the State Council, the NPC has a Party organization embedded within it. The NPC’s chairman serves on the Politburo Standing Committee and is currently the Party’s number-two ranked official. NPC deputies are not directly elected. The Communist Party draws up lists of nominees, based in part on potential nominees’ perceived loyalty to the Party. Thirty-five electoral units, most of them provincial-level People’s Congresses, then vote upon the Party’s nominees. The process is modestly competitive in that the Party nominates 20% to 50% more candidates than available positions and those with the most votes are elected to serve as NPC deputies. NPC election rules stipulate quotas for the representation of ethnic minority groups, the military, women, and other groups, including the Party itself. Because China rejects any separation of powers, the President, Premier, and other top leaders are all NPC deputies. 49 Deputies serve for five-year terms. The NPC is the uppermost layer of a nation-wide system of People’s Congresses. These congresses are loosely linked together in process and function. Only deputies for the lowest level of People’s Congresses are directly elected. Traditionally, even at the lowest level, candidate lists are controlled by the Party, and elections are uncontested. Since 2011, however, China has seen a wave of independent candidates contesting elections for People’s Congresses in city districts and townships. Most such candidates have faced forms of official harassment, including intrusive surveillance, extra-legal detention, intimidation of their supporters, and election irregularities designed to keep them from appearing on ballots, but some have succeeded in being elected to office. Corruption Corruption in China is widespread and takes many forms, from lavish gifts and expensive meals bestowed on officials by those seeking favors, to bribes explicitly offered in exchange for permits and approvals, to embezzlement of state funds, exemption of friends and relatives from enforcement of laws and regulations, and the appointment of relatives to lucrative jobs in stateowned companies. A 2011 report released by China’s Central Bank estimated that from the mid- 1990s to 2008, corrupt officials who fled overseas took with them $120 billion in stolen funds.28 The CCP uses its Central Discipline Inspection Commission (CDIC) to police its own ranks for corruption, an arrangement fraught with conflicts of interest. As noted above, the Party metes out its own punishments for wrongdoing by its members, and has sole discretion about whether to hand members over to the state judiciary for investigation and possible prosecution. (See â€Å"Weak Rule of Law and Ineffective Policy Implementation and Enforcement.†) Critics charge that CDIC investigations are frequently politically motivated, even if they uncover real wrongdoing. Officials who keep on the right side of their superiors and colleagues may engage in large-scale corruption, while other officials may be investigated for lesser infractions because they have fallen afoul of powerful officials.

Factors That Affecting Elasticity Of Supply Economics Essay

Factors That Affecting Elasticity Of Supply Economics Essay According to (HASHIM ALI,1999, page 40),price elasticity of supply is basically means the responsiveness of the quantity supplied due to a change in price. The factors that affecting elasticity of supply are whether the product is perishable or not. In other words, if the product is perishable, therefore when there is change in price, it wont affect the quantity supplied. Hence, the supply is inelastic For example: fruits, it is because fruits are perishable. The second determinant is the time. There are two time of time which are the short run and the long run. In the short run, the supply will be inelastic. Its because, the supplier cant increase the supply of a product immediately due to a change in price. Where by in the long run, suppliers are able to increase their product, because they have more time to produce more. And therefore the supply is elastic. For example: in the short run, the price of the laptop increase in the market price. However, the supplier of laptop cant increase their supply immediately due to a short run. In the long run, the supplier have more time to produce more laptop due to more time to produce laptop. PART B Businesses can use price elasticity to decide on their pricing strategy. By using the price elasticity, they can know whether the goods that they are selling is elastic or inelastic. If the good that they are selling is inelastic, for example: necessities, therefore they can set a higher price. It is because if the good is inelastic, the change in price wont effect the change in demand. In other words, consumers are not that responsive due to a change in price. And if the good is elastic, such as luxuries goods or goods that have several substitutes, therefore the supplier cant set a high price. It is because the price is elastic, in other words the consumers are responsive due to a change in price of the good. Thats how the business use the elasticity concept to decide the pricing strategy. Question 3 PART A Supply of a product will increases caused by the technology are getting more advance. As technology has increases, therefore to produce a good will be easier and faster, hence to higher supply of that particular product. For example: a textile company used to produce their goods by manually (by human or workers) and they manage to produce 100pcs of the good per month. In the future, as the technology increases, the quantity of the good produced increases to 300pcs each month.. hence the supply of the good increases. Second reason that might affect the supply of a good will increase is the intervention from the government by giving subsidies to the suppliers. By giving subsidies to the suppliers, it tends to reduce their cost of production. Therefore, higher profit will earned and motivate the suppliers to supply more of the good. For example: a cost of production to produce a good is RM500, the company manage to sell at RM550 each good and earned RM50 for profit this is before any subsidies from government. After a while, the government decided to give subsidies to the business. Hence, the cost of production of the good decreases to RM450. the business still sell the product for RM550 but now, RM100 is earned for the profit. Therefore, the higher the profit, will motivate the supplier to supply more. Third reason that will increase a supply of a product is the price of the good it self. When the price of the good increases in the market, therefore the supplier motivated because no they can earn more revenues and get higher profit compared to before the price increased. For example: the price of a chair was RM100 in 2009 and the supplier of the chair supply at 100 quantities and earn RM10,000 revenues. In 2010, the price if the chair has increases to RM120. now while the price increased, the supplier will definitely increase their quantity supplied of chair maybe to 130(or more) and they can get RM15,600 revenues which is much more compared to the previous quantity.(HASHIM ALI,1999,PAGE 37) PART B Price floor is a price that set by the government above the equilibrium price and the price set b the suppliers are not legal if they set lower than the price the set by the government.. its actually to help those suppliers to get higher income. Because of the price of the good is higher now, and therefore the supplier will produce more. However, at the end, the demand for the good will decrease and therefore, surplus occur. This is how its effect the rationing function of prices and distort resource allocation. The graph below will shows the surplus caused by the price floor. Quantity Price D S Equilibrium price P0 Q0 Qd Pf surplus Qs 0 The graph above shows that when there is price floor set by the government, the demand will stop until Qd and there fore surplus occur. Hence this occur, supplier cant manage to sell all their product, and therefore, black market will occur(sell lower price illegally). Whereby price ceilings is also price that set by the government. Its the maximum price that seller can charge to consumers. Lower than the price ceiling is legal and otherwise is not. The objectives of government by doing this is to help those consumers that cant afford to buy their essential good. The graph below will shows the price ceiling. S D Equilibrium price Q0 P0 Quantity Price Qs Qd Pc shortage 0 The graph above shows that when there is a price ceiling(Pc) set by the government, the price is under the equilibrium price. in other words, the price is cheap at the moment. however, because of the price has reduced, the suppliers will feel that its not profitable and therefore they are not motivated to produce more. Therefore the quantity supply stops at Qs. Hence, lack of supply and high demand due to a shortage.(McConnell,2009,page 59-62) Question 6 PART A Consumer surplus is basically means its benefit for the consumers, as they are able to pay higher price for a particular good, but in fact the actual price is lower than what they willing to pay. In other words, the consumers are able to pay above the equilibrium price. For example: john willing to buy a sport shoes at RM200, whereby the actual price of the sport shoes is RM150, and there fore RM200-RM150= RM50 is johns surplus as consumer. The graph below will show where is the consumer surplus: D Equilibrium point Q0 P0 Consumers surplus Quantity demanded For good Z Price for good Z The graph above shows the consumer surplus at the triangle shape where The actual price is at P0, and even though the price is suppose to be at P0,the consumers are willing to pay above the P0 which is higher and therefore, consumers surplus occur. Producer surplus is actually a benefit to the producer of a particular good to earn more than what they plan to earn. For example: suppose to be good A is at RM5 in market price, but john only plan to sell good A for only RM3(has cover the cost of production). therefore RM5-RM3=RM2 is johns producer surplus as an producer. S Price for good Z Quantity supply for good Z Producer surplus Equilibrium price = P0 Q0 P0 The graph above shows that the producer surplus is actually under the equilibrium price which means the producers are willing to sell at lower price but in fact, the equilibrium price for good Z is at P0, and therefore, the producers surplus occur.(McConnell,2009,page 126-127). PART B According to(HASHIM ALI,1999, page 2-3) basically there are three economic concepts. Which are scarcity, choice and opportunity cost. Where as the PPF or production possibilities frontier is to shows a possible combination with in two goods. The PPF graph below will explain the 3 economic concepts. Laptop Sugar 0 10 7 5 3 2 1 1 2 3 5 6 7 A B C D E FBasically, scarcity means there are unlimited wants and limited resources. And to explain this concept by using this Production Possibilities Frontier(PPF), the graph shows that it is impossible to actually produce 7 sugar and 10 laptop. because when 7 sugar is produced there is only 1 laptop can be produced and its caused by the limited resources. Which at the end will bring to a choice. Choice means, the consumer will to chose to have more on sugar or laptop. if they want more sugar, lesser laptop they will get and otherwise. Due to this the third concept will occur where by opportunity cost means something has to be forgone in order to get the best alternative. For example, in this graph, if the consumers want to get 6 of sugar not 5, there fore he/she has to forgone 1 laptop in order to get 6 sugar. The forgone 1 laptop is the opportunity cost. Question 5 PART A A decrease in demand will SHIFT the demand curve to the left, there are several factors that will decrease the demand. Taste and fashion, a change in income, changes in population, changes in price of related goods(either complementary goods or substitutes goods), increase of advertisements, introduction of new product, social and economic conditions, festive seasons, speculation. Price of good A D0 D1Quantity demanded for good A The graph above shows the decrease in demand. The demand curve SHIFTED to the left from D0 to D1 and it is caused by the factors that mentioned earlier. Where as the decrease in quantity demanded will caused the MOVEMENT along the demand curve to move upward which means not a shift. The ONLY factor that will move the demand curve upward is the price of the good it self. Quantity demanded for good A Price for good A D0 B A Q0 Q1 0 P0 P1 The graph above shows that when there is a decrease in quantity demanded, this is ONLY caused by the PRICE of good A has increased from P0 to P1 therefore caused the quantity demanded to decreased from Q0 to Q1 as well as the movement upward from point A to point B. The ONLY factor that due to this movement along the demand curve is the PRICE of the good it self. (HASHIM ALI,1999, page 22-25) PART B According to (HASLIM ALI, 1999, page 32) Income elasticity of demand basically means the measure of the responsiveness of demand in a particular good due to a change in income of the consumers. the income elasticity of demand is measured by percentage. Here is the formula to calculate income elasticity of demand: income elasticity of demand: the change in quantity demanded over the change in income of the consumers. = Q1-Q0 x 100( change in quantity demanded) Q0 ______(over) Y1-Y0 - x 100(change in income of the consumers) Y0 Keys: Q1( new quantity demanded) Q2(original quantity demanded) Y1(new income of consumers) Y0(original income of consumers) There are 3 degrees or responses of income elasticity: 1.positive 2.negative 3.zero The positive degree of income elasticity of demand can be describe more or classified into 3 more parts: elastic (YED or income elastic of demand is > 1), unit(YED=1), and inelastic(YED

Critical Thinking Process Case Study

Critical Thinking Process Case Study As Buckingham and Adams (2000) state, â€Å"getting a better understanding of their decision making processes has important benefits for nurses†, and for their employers and their patients (p 982). Critical thinking in nursing is related to the traditional nursing model of assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation, a fundamental nursing process (Lee et al, 2006). Because of the universal application of the nursing process, and its efficacy, there is an assumption that â€Å"the process of clinical problem-solving is well understood† (Taylor, 2000 p 842-849). This essay explores the critical thinking process related to one client, and evaluates the quality of that process and its relationship to effective planning and implementation of nursing care. Some theorists link critical thinking in nursing to diagnostic practice, particularly in relation to advanced nursing practice, and cite this as a new phenomenon (Lee et al, 2006). This author however, would argue that this is a part of nursing practice in every case, and that critical thinking and diagnostic processes are very similar, except it has never been called diagnosis in nursing until recently. However, Lee et al (2006) do cite the means by which nursing judgements on which plans of care are based, including systems-processing type judgements and intuitive reasoning. One of the criticisms of nursing decision making, however, and a problem which continues to trouble the profession, is the reduction of this process to little more than intuitive processes rather than rational ones (Buckingham and Adams, 2000). This is partly because â€Å"nurses have struggled continually to articulate the nature of their expertise† Buckingham and Adams, 2000 p 982). But the literature demonstrates that intuitive processes tend to represent subconscious decision making combined with conscious decision making, and this author believes that both are of equal value and importance in coming to decisions and planning nursing actions and ongoing care. Aitken (2003) suggests that clinical decision making starts with the development of a hypothesis, which is then proved or disproved by further gathering of clinical data, objective and subjective, including objective tests and nursing-process related observations and questioning. â€Å"Hypotheses were used to summarize attributes that had already been acquired, describe the possible problem that existed and direct future attribute acquisition.† (Aitken, 2003 p 481). Offredy (1998) in research on nurse practitioners found that hypothesis generation as part of the decision making process occurred even before the client history had been taken, and that this kind of ‘hunch’ was one which they believed to be borne out in later more objective clinical evaluation. This is related to the level of experience of the nurse (Offredy, 1998). Lee et al (2006 p 61)) cite the following variables as affecting critical thinking processes: knowledge; experience; discipline specific training, which provides the diagnostic labels that can be used to ‘classify and explain the data’ involved ; and the task. Aitken (2003) suggests that the strategies which are applied to nursing decision making is not necessarily a conscious plan but could be a process which is more subconscious. This may be related to what Offredy (1998) describes as pattern recognition. In this case, the critical thinking process was based on Jaslyn’s symptoms and presentation in terms of physical and emotional state, which in turn were identified and informed by the nurse’s own knowledge, nursing and symptom related knowledge, and by the nurse’s experience gained from training and previous practice. There were key factors which highlighted Jaslyn’s state of health/illness and also flagged up the warning signs that signified Jaslyn’s immediate needs. These were identified both through objective data and subjective data, which in terms of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, could be seen as safety and security needs, related to the patient’s expressed suicidal thoughts, and physiological needs, related to her physical condition, which, once met, would allow for interventions to support in meeting her self-esteem and other psychological and emotional needs. Prioritisation of safety and physiological needs may be derived from p revious nursing experience, as already suggested, because, as Aitken (2003) suggests, clinical decision making processes can be affected by the decision-making environment, and also by â€Å"the potential consequences of each of the [potential] alternative decisions† (p 477). Thus previous experience of nursing, combined with knowledge from my training, which is also affected by the socialisation process of nursing, and by the shared knowledge of colleagues, placed the greatest emphasis on the prevention of harm occurring, which led to the decision to provide close supervision of the patient to prevent self-harm. Another attribute of this decision making process, one which I had hitherto not recognised, was the use of what Aitken (2003) calls â€Å"a think aloud† method (p 483). This is very much evident in the kind of decision making I engage in, and critical reflection suggests that I have learned this process from colleagues, because the process seems to be a communal one, in which colleagues (including myself) verbalise their judgements on findings and gain confirmation from each other that their findings and actions are correct. This might also be a means of trying to reduce the potential for error which is inherent in the decision making proc ess, and constitutes the risk element of the process (Buckingham and Adams, 2000; Round, 2001). The application of the nursing process has shown me that processes of decision making are based on experience, but that some of this experience is derived from shared knowledge and experience with colleagues. Throughout the decision making process involved in this case, decision making was more collaborative than unilateral, signifying the fact that no clinical decision is made in isolation. The decision making process was borne out in the clinical progression of the case, and reflection demonstrates that decision making is both objective, and informed by intuition, but that what is called intuition is simply the bringing to bear of knowledge developed through experience. References Aitken, L.M. (2003) Critical care nurses’ use of decision-making strategies. Journal of Clinical Nursing 12 476-483. Buckingham, C.d. and Adams, A. (2000) Classifying clinical decision making: a unifying approach. Journal of Advanced Nursing 32 (4) 981-989. Lee, J, Chan, A.C.M. and Phillips, D.R. (2006) Diagnostic practise in nursing: a critical review of the literature. Nursing and Health Sciences 8 57-65. Offredy, M. (1998) The application of decision making concepts by nurse practitioners in general practice. Journal of Advanced Nursing 28 (5) 988-1000. Round, A. (2001) Introduction to clinical reasoning. Journal of Evaluation in clinical practice7 (2) 109-117. Taylor, C. (2000) Clinical problem-solving in nursing: insights from the literature. Journal of Advanced Nursing 31 (4) 842-849.

FDR: The New Deal Essay -- America and the Great Depression

Outline Thesis: The various programs created by FDR’s New Deal helped bring the United States out of The Great Depression. Paper Outline Intro Who was FDR Why was he popular His views Thesis II.) The U.S. emerges from a depression About the depression Who was affected What the nation needed at the time FDR’s help during New Deal Who helped him Why they did it It’s effects on the nation Restoring Banks Why people lost faith in the banks What FDR did to increase faith the FDIC More Americans get jobs CWA FERA CCC Business relief How business was affected by depression NIRA NRA SEC Help for Farming Depression hurts agriculture AAA Improving Americans lives Poor conditions of depression TVA Conclusion Overview of programs overall effectiveness alphabet soup   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The day finally came when the United States, emerging to become a world power, began to crumble. Called Black Thursday, October 24, 1929 would be the start of The Great Depression, and the first test of the Communist influences that were present around the world (Schraff 17). Then in 1933, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, FDR, was elected to the Presidency with hopes of uplifting Americans from the severe economic decline it was going through (Schlesinger 106). Roosevelt was prepared with a plan to battle depression with a set of new programs. His first â€Å"Hundred Days† helped pass new legislation to aid farmers, industrialists and workers (Watkins 123-160). â€Å"His technique was, as he said, ‘bold, persistent experimentation†¦Take a method and try it. If it fails, admit it frankly and try another. But above all, try something’† (Schlesinger 106). Roosevelt experimented with many new programs to help different groups, and Americans o n the whole. The various programs created by FDR’s New Deal helped bring the United States out of the Great Depression.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Numerous factors caused the Great Depression in the United States from 1929 to 1945. One of these was stock market speculation. People began to buy stocks with money loaned from banks, and used these stocks as collateral to buy more stock. The stock market began to increase rapidly on false hopefulness and borrowed money. Due to this, the stock market was uneasy and many began to lose confidence in it. Those with stocks tried to sell them, and no one was willing to buy. This ultimately led to the downfall of the ... ... and provided relief for those who can not support themselves. Overall, FDR’s New Deal helped create programs that ended the Great Depression. Although some argue that WWII ended the depression, FDR’s programs were the main support and foundation for the increase in production of war goods. Therefore, the various programs created by FDR’s New Deal helped bring the United States out of The Great Depression. Works Cited Boardman, Fon W. The Thirties: America and the Great Depression. New York, Henry Z. Walck, Inc., 1967. Church, George J. â€Å"Taking Care of Our Own.† Time. 9 Mar. 1998: 106-108. Gupta, Pranav and Jonathan Lee. The Great Depression and The New Deal. 7 Mar 1996. 20 May 2000 . Library Projects Under Public Works, Civil Works, and Relief Administrations. 1 Dec 1933. 23 May 2000 . Schlesinger, Arthur Jr. â€Å"Franklin Delano Roosevelt.† Time. 13 Apr. 1998: 98-100. Schraff, Anne E. The Great Depression and The New Deal. New York: Franklin Watts, 1990. Watkins, T.H. The Great Depression: America in the 1930’s. Boston: Blackside, Inc., 1993.